Admission Essay for FNP

I believe that the nursing profession is a calling – a noble and selfless calling. As a nurse, I see myself as a solution to people’s problems. With this in mind, I try my best to give all I can to ensure that the health care needs of patients are met.The Family Nurse Practitioner is strategic in the health care system. This is because they directly deal with the family, meeting their needs both in and out of the hospital environment. Family Nurse Practitioners hold the responsibility of not only meeting the health needs of families but also to provide guidance, counsel and direct care in family self-medication.The Family Nurse practitioner needs a heart and that I have. Personally, I want to be a FNP serving in third world countries. I believe my help is needed more in these parts of the world where health care is in its developmental stages.I see myself counseling parents about the appropriate health plans that are best for them and their children. I also see myself h elping the underserved and the culturally different enjoy the same health care that the other sections of the society enjoy.I believe that there is neither black nor white, that we all have medical needs and we are all entitled to the same healthcare. My call is to prevent ailment when possible and to offer guidance to families in these third world countries. I see myself helping to put a smile in people’s faces and making life better for these people.I may not be a philanthropist with billions of dollars to give but I have the heart and I heed to my calling. I want to put a smile across the faces of the children and see parents going about their business with sound minds and body. This is why I want to be a Family Nurse Practitioner.

Project Planning

ISM 654 Case – DU Singer Hospital Products Corp. (Adapted from Meredith and Mantel) D. U. Singer Hospital Products Corp. has done sufficient new product development at the research and development level to estimate a high likelihood of technical success for a product of assured commercial success: A long-term antiseptic. Management has instructed Singer’s Antiseptic Division to make a market entry at the earliest possible time; they have requested a complete plan up to the startup of production.Project responsibility is assigned to the division’s research and development group; Mike Richards, the project scientist who developed the product is assigned responsibility for project management. Assistance will be required from other parts of the company: Packaging task force, R&D group, Corporate engineering, and Corporate purchasing. Mike was concerned about the scope of the project. He knew from his own experience that a final formula had yet to be developed, althou gh such development was really a â€Å"routine† function.The remaining questions had to do with color, odor, and consistency additives rather than any performance-related modification. Fortunately, the major regulatory issues had been resolved and he believed that submission of regulatory documentation would be followed by rapid approval as they already had a letter of approval contingent on final documentation. Mike was concerned about defining the project unambiguously. To that end, he obtained an interview with S. L. Mander, the group vice-president.When he asked Mander where his responsibility should end, the executive turned the question back to him. Mike had been prepared for this and said that he would like to regard his part of the project as done when the production process could be turned over to manufacturing. They agreed that according to Singer practice, this would be when the manufacturing operation could produce a 95% yield of product (fully packaged) at a leve l of 80% of the full production goal of 10 million liters per year. But I want you to remember,† said Mander, â€Å"that you must meet all current FDA, EPA, and OSHA regulations and you must be in compliance with our internal specification – the one I have got is dated September and is RD78/965. And you know that manufacturing now – quite rightly, I feel – insists on fully documented procedures. † After this discussion, Mike felt that he had enough information about this aspect to start to pin down what had to be done to achieve these results. His first step in this effort was to meet with P. H. Docent, the director of research. You are naive if you think that you can just start right in finalizing the formula,† said Docent. You must first develop a product rationale (a). This is a formally defined process according to company policy. Marketing expects inputs at this stage, manufacturing expects its voice heard, and you will have to have appro vals from every unit of the company that is involved. You should have no trouble if you do your homework, expect to spend a good eight weeks to get this done. † â€Å"That certainly stretches things out,† said Mike. I expected to take 12 weeks to develop the ingredient formula (b) and you know that I can’t start to establish product specifications (c ) until the formula is complete. That’s another 3 weeks. † â€Å"Yes, but while you are working on the product specifications you can get going on the regulatory documentation (d). Full internal specifications are not required for that work, but you can’t start those documents until the formula is complete. † â€Å"Yes, and I find it hard to believe that we can push through both preparation of documents and getting approval in 3 weeks, but Environmental swears it can be done. â€Å"Oh, it can be done in this case because of the preparatory work. Of course, I won’t say that this est imate of 3 weeks is as certain as our other estimates. All we need is a change of staff at the Agency and we are in trouble. But once you have both the specifications, and the approval, you can immediately start on developing the processing system (g). † â€Å"Yes, and how I wish we could get a lead on that, but the designers say that there is too much uncertainty and they won't move until they have both specifications and regulatory documentation and approval.They are offering pretty fast response; six weeks from start to finish for the processing system. † â€Å"They are a good crew, Mike. And of course, you know that you don't have to delay on starting the packaging segment of this project. You can start developing the packaging concept (e) just as soon as the product rationale has been developed. If my experience is any judge, it will take a full eight weeks; you'll have to work to keep the process from running forever. † â€Å"But as soon as that is finishe d we can start on the design of the package and its materials (f) which usually takes about six weeks.Once that is done we can start on the packaging system (h) which shouldn't take longer than eight weeks,† concluded Mike. At this point he realized that although Docent would have general knowledge, he needed to talk directly to the Director of Manufacturing. â€Å"The first step, which follows the completion of the development of processing and packaging systems,† said the Director of Manufacturing, â€Å"is to do a complete study of the facilities requirements (i). You won't be able to get that done in less than four weeks.And that must precede the preparation of the capital equipment list (j) which should take about three-quarters as long. Of course, as soon as both the process system and packaging system are completed, you could start on preparing the written manufacturing procedures (q). † â€Å"But, said Mike, â€Å"Can I really finish the procedures befo re I have installed and constructed the facilities (p)? † â€Å"No, quite right. What you can do is get the first phase done, but the last phase will have to wait for the installation and construction. â€Å"Then this means that I really have two phases for the writing, that which can be completed without the installation and construction (q), which will take seven weeks, and that which has to wait for those inputs (q? ) which will require 3 weeks. † â€Å"True. Now you realize that the last thing you have to do is to run the equipment in a pilot test  ® which will show that you have reached a satisfactory level? † â€Å"Yes. Since that must include debugging, I've estimated a six-week period as adequate. † The director of manufacturing assented. Mike continued, â€Å"What I'm not sure of is whether we can run all the installation tasks in parallel. â€Å"

Adam Revo Relaunch Essay

First of all we would like to Thank ALMIGHTY, Who is the source of all our knowledge and wisdom. Then we would particularly like to thank our respected instructor Mr. Yasir Ali Somro for providing us the opportunity to look into various aspects of Marketing. His teaching is very informative and beneficial for us in future. He has been very helpful to us in making the project and in gaining further knowledge. Then thanks to our Parents, Friends and Colleagues in making of this project. Moreover we are thankful to all our group members who have coordinated and cooperated in the making of this report. 1. Company Description The group was initiated by Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood (1880-1948) who also played a vibrant role in the birth of the state of Pakistan by acting as a financial advisor and supporter to Quaid-e-Azam Mohomed Ali Jinnah-the founding father of Pakistan. Sir Adamjee’s role as advisor gave birth to various economic institutions; the Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB), Orient Airways, and the Morning Star newspaper. These were primarily established at the behest of Quaid-e-Azam Mohomed Ali Jinnah to win support of Muslims of Pakistan and facilitate them in migration to Pakistan during the partition of India in August 1947. Adam Motor Co., an assembler of Chinese SUVs and pickup trucks in Pakistan introduced an indigenous automobile Called the Revo. It is a 3576 mm long hatchback, powered by either a 800 cc or a 1051 cc petrol engine, sourced from Wuling in China. Otherwise the car is built from local parts. Adam Revo was a city car made by the now defunct Adam Motor Company of Pakistan. It was the first car to be designed & assembled in Pakistan. The Revo is being assembled at a plant in Karachi owned by Adam Motors. And the engine and transmission systems have come from China. The company plans to make 5,000units a year 2. Reasons of failure There are some main causes of failure of this project: Political As world is a global village now so foreign brands are easily available in the market. People tend to prefer foreign companies over local companies. If you want to grow your local automotive industry then one must first give tax leverage to this industry to protect their companies or else foreign companies would run the domestic country down to nothing. Lack of Government support Former Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz inaugurated Revo’s plant in 2003, Aziz promised Feroz Khan, the maker of Revo, to buy his car for the government as it was the cheapest in the country. Feroz Khan did produce suffice to cater the needs of Government who decided to buy Adam Revo instead of Mehran. The government could have easily bought 5,000-10,000 cars a year but it never fulfilled its promise and that was one of the major reasons why the project collapsed. Lack of funds Due to interest of Prime Minister, Feroz Khan produces enough to carter the Government. When Government never fulfilled its promise, debt pilled up then company had to go bankrupt. There weren’t enough funds left to rejuvenate this company and to pay off its debt. Road grip of tires Tires used were of cheap quality, bumps and surface imperfections in the road results in inevitably reduced grip on the road which leads to a harsh ride. Speed-o-Meter People didn’t like cheap Speed-o-Meter of Adam Revo, which reminds drivers of 19s car. Now days where stylish cars are easily available, people didn’t like buying car which gives them the feel of driving any vintage car so they pay extra just to have car with a bit of pizzas by paying 45-75000 extra. Lower Quality of interior plastic The car wasn’t good enough. The cheap plastic interior and hideous looks were not up to the expectations of the potential buyers of car, who rather preferred a used car than an Adam Revo. No Promotions/Advertising/Marketing plan Effective way of selling your product is to advertise it through Ads, Campaign and promotions. Adam Revo didn’t do its advertising its product; therefore only small part of the total population was aware of Adam Revo, rest still get baffled when asked about Pakistan’s first car Revo. People weren’t aware of Adam Revo how could it have earned profit. 3. Strategic Focus and plan Mission/Vision Adam Motor Company’s mission is to introduce vehicles with maximum indigenization, to price our vehicles most competitively with reliable quality, to realize highest customer satisfaction through 3S facilities, to export and to be a responsible corporate citizen. Goals Pakistani car industry to reach greater heights and eventually compete with larger car companies, within Pakistan and internationally. Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Adam Motors believe that given the right environment and training, their people can be the best in the world. They believe that all their products must contain high indigenization, reliable quality and excellent after sale service Ansoff Matrix Market Penetration: Adam Motors will first try to capture market share by penetrating into market using Market-Penetration Strategy and to compete from well settled companies  like SUZUKI, HONDA, TOYOTA, and CHEVERLOTE excreta. These companies are already offering good cars and have established there names in Automobile industry. To penetrate into market Adam has its advantage of low price. Its biggest competitor is Mehran (cash cow for SUZUKI) in 800cc. Adam still has 70 to 80000 price difference from it. This strategy is appropriate for Adam Motors as there is a demand and the customers are looking for bargains. Adam Revo has an affordable price which can penetrate deep into the market for middle class people. After company increase its market share company can go for Product development strategy while developing new product for potential interest to its current markets. Once company establishes its reputation it can offer a new product in a new market by using diversification strategy. Porter Generic Strategies Cost Leadership When it comes to market Revo, Overall cost leadership Strategy is appropriate for Adam Motors to gain market. Adam Motors is considered to be lowest cost producer within industry. And there advantage over Mehran makes is highly affordable for the middle class people and giving company a competitive advantage over other automobile companies. 4. Situation Analysis SWOT Analysis Strength: The only Pakistani manufacturer: The plant can produce up to 7000-10000 cars per year. Adam Revo, Pakistan’s first automobile manufacturing industry having largest manufacturing facilities with an annual production capacity of 70,000 – 10,000 vehicles. The vehicles produced include cars, small vans, Pickups and Cargo vans. With proper management and effective marketing Adam Motor’s Revo can manufacture suffice to carter the demand and can hold more than 50% of Market Share. Low – priced car. Adam Motor’s Revo biggest strength is its low price 70,000 to 85,000 cheaper  than Suzuki’s Mehran which makes this car highly affordable. With Government intervention this company can cater enough of the population. Excellence in installation of CNG kits Adam Motors have an enormous experience in the field of CNG/LPG. CNG kits installed in Adam Motors cars make it fuel efficient car with globally acclaimed CNG components installed. Impeccable increase in petrol prices is making implausible for middle class people to afford the overhauling cost of the car. Providing CNG kits will raise the bar for the industry to new greater heights. Weakness: Poor after sale service. After sales services is considered to be and integral part of customer services and a key determinant of customer satisfaction; while this may seem obvious but it’s not often done. Unfortunately, lack of emphasis on after sales services was observed, due to lack of resources and improper after sales services planning. Low Resale Value Revo was the Pakistan’s first car to make out to roads and had to face criticism. As a first company the quality of car and its parts used were not as good as it should have been which cause its unpopularity and its image had to taste dust therefore, when it comes to resale value the owner easily can lose 70,000 or more on selling. Pakistani buyers are cautious buyers who give the vehicle’s resale more importance. Competing in Pakistan only Growing up among some of the world’s biggest company like Honda, Suzuki, and Toyota is really hard job to do. With competitor having better resources, better research facilities and established brand name, it gets hard to compete. Low consumer awareness Since advertising and promotion directly relates to consumer awareness. One of the main reasons Revo didn’t survived was people weren’t aware of the  Revo. Advertising and promotion are useful factors in creating awareness among the consumer. Unfortunately Adam Motors didn’t indulge themselves in of the marketing. Lack of advanced technology. Advanced technology is competitive advantage. Unfortunately Adam Motors don’t posses modern technology which surely is Adam Motors biggest weakness. Adam Motors is competing with companies who posses advanced technology and have moved from traditional fuel cars to hybrid and electric cars. Unattractive structure. Revo looks was a major issue for buyer. It’s resembles to the three-wheeler china van. The shape of the car made it look quite ridiculous and unattractive. Poor material was been used in exterior and interior of the car. Adam Motor’s should have put more thought into the design and quality of the car. Opportunity: Capturing the market of low income people. Pakistan’s major part of population falls under category of middle class, lower middle class and lower class. To capture the people who have low purchasing power company must focus on the affordability of the product. Revo is cheap car even cheaper then Mehran. People with low income can easily afford this car and it’s overhauling expenses. People who have bikes and want a cheap spacious car to enjoy ride with their families can easily afford this fuel-efficient and cheap car. Enter in the market of 1300 cc cars. After getting its market share and reputation, Adam Revo can go for opportunity to capture market with 1300cc car and other models. As the only competitor in producing cheap 1300cc car is Suzuki who have been failed trying different variation in their 1300cc model cars. Large market size to operate. Demand of cheap cars in Pakistan is very high. There’s no second thought to it. Majority of Pakistan’s population belong to classes who can not afford luxurious cars and are interested in cheap, fuel- efficient cars. There is  big market for there car if they plan well and market there product efficiently they can target large market size. Economy of Pakistan. Growing local industry can ultimately benefit economy of Pakistan. Developing good reputation will induce other companies to make investment in Pakistan my doing joint venture production. Export Revo can also give benefit to Pakistan’s economy. Threats: Competitors (Pak Suzuki) Currently Pak Suzuki is largest car assembler and market leader in Pakistan automobile market. Pak Suzuki has more than 60% of the market share. Having effective after sales service and wide spread network of show rooms and EFI technology surely is Adam biggest competitor. Market perception. The perception of consumer of Adam’s Motors is that they provide cheap car with low quality. As long as Revo don’t take steps to induce people that there product are best use of their money, whatever car they come up with will not going to be accepted by the consumer. Load shedding of CNG in Pakistan. Load shedding of CNG is one of the big problems in Pakistan and company like Adam Motor who are totally dependent upon CNG as this is one of the main reason which makes this car overhauling expenses affordable. Sharp Increase in price of Raw Material. Increase in price of everything due to inflation is also a threat e. The cost raw material and labor have also increased which will result in expensive product making it unaffordable for consumer of low income. Ambiguity in political issue. In Pakistan the ambiguity in political issue is very high. Every now and then we get strangled by the strike conducted by different political parties making it very difficult for industry to match the quota. Sometimes even worker don’t come to work which increases the cost of production and delay in delivery. Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Offerings It offers Fuel-efficient highly affordable Chinese made engines car which are 10% to 15% cheaper than other local competitors. As demand of cheap cars is so high in Pakistan, providing cheap cars to consumer so could get their needs satisfied. Marketing: The key marketing objective of the company is to become the segment leader in 800 cc market It is the main concern to market the Adam’s Dreamer at an economical price, which would give a competitive edge. To duly anticipate in maintaining quality benchmark by maintaining the efficiency of automobile production unit by continuous research and development program, keeping in view the customer’s needs and a sound distribution system to attain the max of customer satisfaction. Adam Motor intention is to attain an increase in share of the urban population consisting of Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad as well as in rural areas of Pakistan in automobile industry. The duly purpose to attain this target by direct frontal assault on the market and to re-launch the brand on a higher scale to eliminate the resistance from small competitors and taking on competition directly. Personnel/Management Company strives for skilled entities who value time and quality as crucial assets. Finance Manufacturing Research and Development (R & D) External Opportunities and Threats Consumer/Social: Today, companies recognize that they cannot appeal to each and every buyer in the market place†¦ The reason of this problem is that buyers are too numerous, too widely scattered and too much wearied in their needs and buying practices; therefore, to reach the right person who is definitely a potential customer of your product is very difficult. Competitive: For the newly launched automobile company it is very challenging to get even very small shares of the automobile market when the giants like TOYOTA, SUZUKI etc. are already capturing the major market. Paksitan’s first car Technological Competing with other Economic Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Known for his decisions which helps economy of the country to grow. Providing subsidy to industrial sector will definitely help industry like ADAM COMPANY to grow. This is an opportunity was the company to go for this opportunity. Legal/Regulatory Industry Analysis Competitor Analysis (Porter 5 Forces Model, Defense Strategy, Attack Strategy) Company Analysis Customer Analysis (Segmentation/Targeting) 5. Market-Product Focus Marketing and Product Objectives Target Markets The car’s target audience was envisaged to be Pakistan’s middle class car buyer. The company had planned to export the car in the future to other countries as well. Points of Parity (POP), Points of Difference (POD) Positioning 6. Marketing Program Product Strategy/ Branding Strategy, BCG Matrix Price Strategy: The price of Adams Revo was low as compared with the competitors but the features of the car were not up to the standard of the competitors therefore to compete with the competitors it is essential for the company to change the price in order to change its design to get profits. The increase in price should be less than the competitors price in order to maintain the market reputation of having a low priced car. People were seen to be satisfied with the price of the car, however, the major reasons which caused the car to flop were the low quality, performance style as well as the lack of promotion, therefore it is required by the company to reposition its product and promote it. The repositioning of the product and the promotional advertisement will increase the cost of the car which may result in the increase of prices. The price offer by the company is almost 20% less than its major competitor Suzuki Mehran. The company can afford an increase in price to a level which is less than Mehran in order to reposition its product Promotion Strategy: For repositioning first we will redesign the promotion mix to inform customers about the attributes, features of the Adam’s Dreamer along with its emphasis on life style and technical expertise. Pull strategy will be used for the promotion to build up consumer demand. If the strategy is successful, customers will ask dealers for Dreamer and dealers will ask Adam’s Motors to produce more. Sales promotion is one of the ways to encourage sales of our new Adam’s Dreamer. The company can give discounts on conducting different car fairs or in the exhibitions. They can offer discounts sales to different car rental organizations or the transport departments of different companies, by doing this Dreamer can achieve road presence which can broaden the future sales of Adam’s Dreamer Place (Distribution Strategy): Our market segmentation reveals that The Company’s product Adam’s DREAMER is not for the superior class, that is, upper-upper but also not for the upper-lower class of the country. The Adams Dreamer is basically for the, upper-middle class, Middle class and lower-middle class of the country The smaller areas of the country are the major place for the middle class of society. In order to reach the every middle class consumer of the country the Adam’s DREAMER must be available in all the seller cities of each province. Therefore Adams Dreamer dealership must be in Hyderabad,Sukkar (SINDH) Sialkot, Multan (PUNJAB) Chaman (BALOCHISTAN) Gigot (KHYBER PAKHTUNKHUA) The semi-urban cities of the country are the major place for the lower-Middle  class of society. In order to reach the every lower class consumer of the country the Adam’s DREAMER must be available in all the small cities of each province. Therefore Adams Dreamer must be in Rohri SINDH Okara, Sahiwal, MianwaliPUNJAB Pasheen BALOCHISTAN Abottabad KHYBER PAKHTUNKHUA 7. Implementation Company has a nonexistent demand and Latent demand. As marketing and promotion of Adam Revo was never have attempted. They share a strong need for the product which is cheap and can satisfy there needs but due non marketing strategy people were unaware of the product which causes non existent demand. 8. Evaluation and Control As per the survey done by the general public, the evaluation result was in favor of re-launching the car but there were few amendment needed to be made, for example the interior part and as well as engine including the suspension of the car.

Suckwell Vacuum Cleaners, Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Suckwell Vacuum Cleaners, Ltd - Case Study Example Chipped paints happen during the assembly stage. Furthermore, the company experienced missing instructions during the final packaging and shipment. Also, missing serial numbers, broken switches and damaged insulation on main cable are identified as occurring problems in the finish product. Figure 1 summarizes the importance and difficulty to solve with regards to the identified problems. Inadequate suctions and damaged to insulation cable are the most difficult to solve and of high importance because the problems require downgrading of product and replacement of cable as a rectification. Units with suction problems are sold at half the price of a new unit but without Suckwell identity markings. Other problems such as missing instructions and broken switches are considered important but easy to solve because these can be corrected during the assembly stages as well as final inspection of finish products. Perforated bags and scratches on the plastic are also considered as important because they provide aesthetics to the product. On the other hand, missing serial number and paint chipped are categorized as problems of lesser importance because serial numbers are considered as additional information of the product for purposes of traceability while chipped paints can be prevented along the assembly line. The frequency and costs incurred with the problems identif... Sorting the problems identified in Figure 1, the Pareto analysis showed that scratches on the plastic body are the most recurring problem and incurs the highest cost of non-conformance. Thus, this paper will focus on solving the problem with regards to scratches. Figure 3 illustrates the Pareto analysis conducted on the problems identified. A Pareto Analysis requires the utilisation of a chart which is designed by Vilfredo Pareto which also follows the 80:20 rule. The analysis rates the problems according to importance, frequency and impact of the problem to the company. According to Pareto's rule, if a company prevents the cause of only 20% of the cause-effect pairs, they can reduce the number of defect incidents by 80% (Kemp, 2006). In other words, the company separates the vital few from the trivial many where the vital few are considered as the most important problems that need to be addressed (Reliability Analysis Center, 2004). Figure . Frequency and Costs of Non-conformances Problems Identified Frequency Cost of Non-conformance Cost to Rectify Complaints Annual Costs 1. Scratches on plastic body (SC) 340 1,360.00 70,720.00 2. Paint chipped (PC) 150 150.00 7,800.00 3. Perforated bag (PB) 130 130.00 650.00 7,410.00 4. Missing instructions (MI) 20 10.00 520.00 5. Broken switch (BS) 130 71.50 26,000.00 29,718.00 6. No serial number (NS) 12 3.60 187.20 Total Cost 782 1725.10 26,650.00 166,355.20 Figure . Pareto Analysis Cause and Effect Diagram As previously mentioned, the most important as well as part of the vital few problem is the scratches on the plastic body of the vacuum cleaners. Figure 4 is an Ishikawa diagram or a

Essay on the Movie Minority Report (2002) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On the Movie Minority Report (2002) - Essay Example Under great protest, the husband is arrested and incarcerated, away from harm. When Cruise's character, John Anderton, begins to question the validity of the Pre-Crime system, he is soon himself targeted as an "enemy of the state", as it were. He notices that the female precog has an extra vision; one that is not registered on the official Pre-Crime system, and begins to investigate. This brings about the events that lead to the conclusion of the film; the founder of Pre-Crime is himself shown as no more than a murderer. After losing everything in the pursuit of this truth, including his eyes, Anderton regains the most important part of his life: his family. This is only possible after he has accepted that his kidnapped son would never return to him. After this devastating realization, Anderton is able to make a new beginning; his wife returns to him, and they have the promise of a new child. The precog siblings are also able to make a new beginning in a sort of paradise setting, secluded from the world that would exploit them. When the corruption of those in power is exposed in the film, those who suffer, namely John Anderton and the precogs, find peace. In this way, the sacrifice of the good results in corruption, while the exposure and punishment of the corrupt means peace and redemption. I. THE ROLE OF POWER AND POLITICS In terms of politics, power is a prominent theme in the film. This manifests itself in a variety of ways. Most obviously, the powers that be in terms of the Pre-Crime Department are corrupt. Secondly, there are underlying elements of social and personal morality that seek to overthrow and expose the corrupt power that rules, as well as often oppress society and also individuals. Thirdly, some authors have suggested an underlying religious theme of suffering and redemption. The most direct manifestation of political power in the film is the founder of Pre-Crime. Like many politicians, he hides the true corruption of his past under a veneer of creating the perfect, crime-free world. In this, he succeeds only for a while. The film appears to suggest, according to Tricia Snell (2007), an underlying social code of morality that continually attempts to restore the good where it has been corrupted. The main power in the film is the Pre-Crime Department. It has however itself been corrupted by means of a murder its founder committed. The representative of morality in the film is John Anderton, who has himself been so damaged by crime that he initially fails to recognize the corruption of the one thing that still provides meaning to his life. After losing his son and wife, Anderton is blind to the faults of his one remaining anchor in life. When this final connection betrays him, Anderton is forced to use his inner sense of morality as a new anchor in a world that has betrayed him on both a personal and professional level. Snell (2007) also mentions the issue of human rights in terms of how the precogs are practically imprisoned and drugged for life in order to serve the well-being of humankind. The rights of the precognitive siblings are sacrificed for the right of society to a crime-free life. In this, Anderton serves as the connection between restoring the rights of the precogs and exposing the corruption of the Pre-Crime

Change in the Locus Standi Rules in an Action for Annulment of Research Paper

Change in the Locus Standi Rules in an Action for Annulment of Community Measures - Research Paper Example On the basis of Article 230 EC, individuals and other private parties will always retain the jurisdiction to challenge decisions addressed to them. As far as the claims of Jacques St Malo, Pierre St Michel, and Sainsbury's Supermarkets are concerned they will be subject to the limitation of this principle which is the personal interest principle. Furthermore this "personal interest" will only be held to exist where the annulment of the act can produce legal effects for these applicants.1 Private parties do not have the standing to act in the interest of the law or of the Community in general. Private parties like the ones mentioned above, therefore, can also challenge decisions addressed to other persons, as well as regulations or other general legislative acts. However, they can only do this when they can show that these are of 'direct and individual concern' to them. The Court of Justice has interpreted the concept of 'direct concern' to mean that a direct causality must exist between the act that is challenged and the legal situation of the individual challenging that act.4 A measure will be of direct concern if it affects th e legal position of the defendant/applicant directly and leaves no discretion to the addressees of the measure who are responsible for its implementation. Such an implementation has to be automatic and a result of Community rules without the application of other intermediate rules. For determining individual concern, the case Plaumann v. Commission7was a seminal one and gave judicial review a rather restricted application in the Court of Justice8 where the court defined applicants as individually concerned if the decision or act "'affects them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them or by reason of circumstances in which they are differentiated from all other persons and by virtue of these factors distinguishes them individually (para 107)

Learning and Development of New Employees Assignment

Learning and Development of New Employees - Assignment Example An effective indicator of how much training has helped the learning process is to analyze the performance of each group within the company before and after the training period. The assessment of learning need refers to two related and sequential activities. The first need is the identification of the learning need, and secondly, it is the analysis of the learning need. The identification and analysis of the learning need to enhance the ability and performance of an individual in the team. The crux of the matter is the correct identification and analysis. In the absence of these, it is not possible to see the desired results in the employees. The needs assessment phase of a learning and development project serves a diagnostic purpose and the needs assessment phase must be done properly as it is the basis for much subsequent learning and development. If this is not done, the training cannot be properly directed and inadequately focused and the consequences may be that learners may not acquire appropriate knowledge or skill, scarce and valuable resources may be wasted, the credibility of the learning and development function may suffer, and the learning and development program will not contribute to meeting the organization's strategic objectives. Although concerned with conceptual issues, there are practical issues also since it is the assessment of needs using valid and reliable tools which is of direct concern to the learning and development practitioner on a day-to-day basis. This model must pursue a clear, balanced approach to concepts and practice. One without the other will only render the model ineffective and hypocritical. The overarching purposes of needs assessment and learning and development planning are to ensure that learning and development interventions address priority learning needs that can enable individuals, departments or organizations to meet their goals and commitments, and are aligned between the individual's goals and commitments (Training 4 Business). On the Job Needs Assessment On the job needs assessment is to identify the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are likely to be required by a job holder. These are hierarchical task analysis, cognitive task analysis, and critical incident technique. These analysis and technique provide the trainee with a better understanding of the organization, better knowledge of the product, and ensures that the trainee is imparted necessary skills to raise performance levels.

Motivation an Design Issues in the Creation of an Integrated Health Essay

Motivation an Design Issues in the Creation of an Integrated Health Delivery System - Essay Example a check is also kept on which way it will be more productive for the country to have it modified. There are two major system operating these days managed care system and integrated health care system. Health maintenance organization is an example of the first one and physician hospital integrated delivery system is an example of the second one. Now different research studies have shown that both these systems have their importance at different levels and they have been viewed as inevitable, desirable, and even compatible (Author, 1993., shortell, 1996). At some places these two systems have been merged together and have been said to be managing care and integrating the delivery of the care which is still acceptable to most of the management coordinators. Now in order to be more precise we describe integrated health care system in a bit more detail. This is a system in which health is taken as one unit rather than considering it as heart a different unit, brain a different one and sto mach even a different one. While treating heart the rest of the body has to be taken into consideration and then according to the needs, treatment and expected outcome has to be taken into account. â€Å"In the last two decades there has been a significant emergence of multi- hospital networks (MHNs) in the health sectors of all industrialized countries. Such networks seem to represent an organizational choice, which provides interesting opportunities to cope with cost and quality issues stressing the health field†. (Lega, F. 2005). Having integration in health care system is good for consolidating the system, having a good control on the disease process itself and bringing out more financial benefits out of it for a country. Consolidation is defined as any transaction that involves delegating the key decision-making rights of two or more

Separation of powers political science class questions Assignment

Separation of powers political science class questions - Assignment Example and better born have authority and are few." For example, regarding offices one would have elections (an oligarchic element) but no property assessment (a democratic element). Montesquieu agrees in part with Aristotle’s ideas of combining a democracy with oligarchy. He terms them â€Å"executive† and â€Å"legislative† branches, but they are in effect the same as Aristotle’s â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"oligarchy†. Montesquieu echoes Aristotle’s arguments that having the mixture of the traditional governing bodies would balance the power and authority. Further more, he references Aristotle in his book by saying; â€Å"The inhabitants of a particular town are much better acquainted with its wants and interests than with those of other places; and are better judges of the capacity of their neighbors than of that of the rest of their countrymen. The members, therefore, of the legislature should not be chosen from the general body of the nation; but it is proper that in every considerable place a representative should be elected by the inhabitants† (Montesquieu). Aristotle, Montesquieu, and Locke all support the notion that civil society originates when, for the better administration of the law, men agree to delegate legal functions to certain officers. They are all against a â€Å"monarchy† government as it does not support a civil society. It by definition corrupts the individual who is given all of the power. Both Aristotle and Montesquieu allow for a balance between the oligarchy/monarchy and the democracy by allowing an â€Å"executive† element who’s function is to balance that of the legislative/democratic element. 2) Aristotle believed that there were three classes. At the bottom were the farmers, laborers, and poor. As this class of people did not have the leisure time to pursue education, they would make a meager ruling class. The ruling class Aristotle argued should be comprised of the leisured classes, and the â€Å"middling element†. He clarifies that the

Labour education and extensive employee development Essay

Labour education and extensive employee development - Essay Example Employee learning explains the process of acquiring knowledge through curiosity to learn. It is a mind-set that has anxiety to get information. Employee learning and labor education will definitely increase the abilities and competency of the employee (Dixon, 1999). Employee development and labor education have become the burning questions for today’s human resource management. Increased downsizing brought by organizational change has amplified the needs of employee development because the labor is needed to be more flexible and responsive at all levels. In the recent years, employee development schemes have seen exponential growth because the learning atmosphere in organizations is boosting. Donaldson (1993) asserts that the organizations have realized the importance of workforce and the need for their education and development in work place (as cited in Lee, 2012). Developing employee abilities can make them more adaptable to internal and external working requirements and definitely add to their learning and confidence which bring in higher productivity to the organization. A research by Lound, Rowe and Parson (2001) confirms that EDS (Employee Development Schemes) have been employed at extensive levels both in public and private organizations. These schemes add loyalty, confidence, and commitment which boost learning in the work place. IRS (1993) puts it as: â€Å"Employee development schemes are proving to be one of the successes of human resource management. They can have real business advantages, creating some of the right conditions for organizations to transform themselves into what has been called the ‘learning organization’, but what might as appropriately be termed the ‘continuously changing organization’, given economic imperatives and a positive impact on individuals’ self-esteem and confidence (as cited in Maguire, 1997). Chris Argyris referred to this commitment as a â€Å"psychological contract†

Scientific Method and Primate Observation Essay

Scientific Method and Primate Observation - Essay Example Checking on how the non human primates relate amongst themselves, the way of feeding after hunting and how they hunt for food on daily bases. How do the non human primates get the daily bread and how they share the food? What is the level of intelligence of the non human primates and their way of handling hard tasks? This is the way the primates simplify the tasks that they face on their daily lives. Non human primates like other primates that are the human beings they mate and reproduce. How do they mate? How do they care for their young ones? Non human primates have household responsibilities just like human beings the Homo sapiens. The males have the responsibility to cater for their families by providing food and security to the females and children. The non human primates have a much enhanced social life in that they are capable of organizing meeting and even scheming politics in their habitats. Relationships The non human primates exhibit team work in communities which have mal es, females and young ones. They live in a communal way that depicts the level of unity that is in the community of the primates. In this way, they are able to interact leading to a more social life hence more innovation to the young ones. This is the way the young ones get knowledge and skills on which to survive in their habitat (Brunch 30). In the communities, they live harmoniously and hence improved security within the community because when they are in groups they intimidate enemies hence scaring them away. But this is not the case with all primates. Under keen observation, some primates live solitary lives hence the case of security due to groups will not apply. When the primates live as individuals the factor of social skills that are with other primates will not be distributed fairly hence this is a disadvantage to the lone primates. On view from far in the cradle land of non human primates, the dangers are very many and prevalent at any time (Brunch 90). This gives rise to the importance of groups and communities within the primates that are security. Habitation and Food Hunting The primates are very funny animals in the way they live from their day to day lives. They do not show intention to have any specific habitation, but they modify temporary nests where they spend overnight. Monkeys abide in certain tree branches, but they do not make nests. This is shown by the nest's absence in the trees where they sleep overnight. In the search for food males go hunting and bring home food in the evening for females and young ones (Brunch 69). This is a major duty that they have prior to offering security and company to the females and young ones. The primates’ females take a major responsibility in educating the young ones on the best vegetation for their food. One will see the females even educating the young ones on the best tools to use for simplifying the hard tasks that they meet on their way. This gives the young ones knowledge on what is good for them and what is not edible for them (Fleagle 45). Most of these primates join in hunting and after the hunt they put the food and share it first to the young ones then to the females. Due to lack of knowledge about storage of food by the non human primates they do not store any food for future use but they live from hand to mouth. Therefore, they look for food each and every day so as to feed

Mexican Immigration Essay Example for Free

Mexican Immigration Essay People from Mexico during the years 1900-today influenced life in the USA in a positive manner. These people emigrated because of economic opportunity and brought their culture with them. The community into which they moved responded with both positive and negative opinions. Short term influences include Mexican food, Mexican events like Cinco de Mayo, Mexican music, and many other things from their culture. 2nd generation immigrants influence the amount of cheap labor filled up in the country, and Mexican culture being accepted into the mainstream such as entertainment. Long term impact of these immigrants may result in general acceptance of Mexican immigration, a backlash against the Mexican immigration, or possibly easier ways to move to This essay will show an analogy of the human body to be compared with Mexican immigration. The head being the thoughts and feelings of people in America based on Mexican immigration, the arms being the Mexicans contributions to arts and entertainment, the hands being the immigrants work ethic and their effect on the American economy, the heart being Mexican immigrations effect on religion, holidays, and traditions, the gut being Mexican immigrations contribution to culinary influences, the legs being how the borders have been crossed in terms of transportation and such, and the feet being the foundation of Mexican immigrants in the country. With relation to the head, in the United States, the arrival of Mexican immigrants has mostly harbored negative feelings. Of course, the cry of U. S citizens has been Theyre taking our jobs! which is somewhat true, but that will be discussed later on in this paper. Americans havent exactly reacted well to the movement of Mexicans into the country legally or illegally, but it seems that there is a new wave of acceptance of Mexicans in the country, with Mexican culture, entertainment, food, and humor in much of the mainstream. Of course, many of the second generation Mexican American citizens in the US provide an acceptance of the Mexican immigration, with many people trying to spread awareness of the good that Mexican immigration does and how their ancestors came in the past and gave them a better life than what they would have had in Mexico. In the future, I predict that the US population will accept Mexican immigration as acceptable and will not be so biased against Mexican immigrants. In relation to the arms, one of Mexican immigrations most positive aspects is the bringing of Mexican culture and entertainment into the US. Ever since Mexicans started moving into our country, their art, entertainment, and other aspects of their culture have seeped their way into the American lexicon. Mexican art is of course a big influencer in the South in states like Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California. Many houses in these regions are adorned with Mexican art or carry on a Mexican style. Of course this most likely wouldnt be possible without people coming from Mexico into America. There is also a huge rush of Mexican culture all over media. Lately, there have been many television shows starring Mexican actors where the theme of being Mexican in America and doing well has prospered. Shows like George Lopez where he constantly mentions the fact that hes Mexican and makes many jokes based on his heritage. Many shows like this, along with Mexican musics influence on different types of music have shown that Mexican immigration has been very positive based on its cultural impact. With relation to the hands, Mexican immigrants have had a long record of outstanding work ethic when it comes to arriving in the country and finding work. Mexican immigrants have been able fill up an incredible amount of so-called cheap labor and have had a positive effect on the US economy. It has been shown that Mexicans arriving from Mexico usually acquire jobs upon their arrival, and the amount of Mexicans receiving welfare is very low. Of course, theres always the American cry of Theyre taking our jobs! but actually, Mexican immigrants have created more jobs than theyve taken. The immigrants mostly take lower level jobs that have trouble being filled, which create many more managerial positions and supervisor positions, and those are mostly the jobs that Americans have been known to want. So Mexican immigrants may take jobs, but they also create more for the country, and thats very positive. In relating to the heart, Mexicans have been a large influencing factor in traditions and holidays. Of course, the immigrants from Mexico practice the traditions and holidays they did in their native country. In doing this, many people around them caught on to some of the things they were practicing such as Cinco de Mayo and fiestas. These practices caught on in the rest of the country and became very popular. Just like how in every bar and grill in the country, Cinco do Mayo is celebrated by half priced margaritas and Mexican dishes are discounted. In religion, Mexicans are mostly Roman-Catholic and are able to practice their religion easily. With relation to the gut, Mexican influence in food is outstanding. In every town and city across the country, theres usually at least one Mexican restaurant. In fact, the US is the country that has the most Mexican food, which is actually very ironic. Mexican food has been a true staple of cuisine in America for a long time now, and is incredibly popular. This has been the leading cause of acceptance for Mexican immigration mostly, because Americans seem to love Mexican food. The successes of Mexican restaurants like Taco Bell, Taco Johns, and On the Border have shown how positive Mexican immigration and influence can be. In relation to the legs, Mexican people have arrived in many ways. Along the border there are about 29 ports to access to be able to get into the country from Mexico, which the Mexican immigrants use to legally enter the country. They first enter there and then apply for green cards, visas, and American citizenship. Then theres always the illegal way of getting into the country. Many people go over the border by being smuggled inside a truck into the country, entering the country where they are no border police or personnel, bribing a guard to let them in the country, or somehow climbing one of the very tall barb wire fences along the border and running as fast as you can. Of course none of those ways are easy, being that on an average day, 3,000 people try to illegally cross the border and only an estimated 800 are able to make it through. It is hard to illegally enter the country, but of course many people do. Most people tend to think that most Mexican immigrants enter in illegally, but only 1 in 5 Mexican immigrants have illegally entered the country and not received documentation of their arrival. With relation to the feet, Mexican immigrants have a strong foundation in this country. There is a large Mexican population now in the US and it has a very large basis of culture and influence. Mexicans are beginning to be accepted more into the mainstream of America and have become an integral part of our country. There are many second generation Mexicans in government and politics as well as entertainment and the arts. Now in America, the Mexican people are widely accepted by US citizens and racism against them is beginning to cease. They have become a very important race of people to our country and our people. Overall, Mexican immigration is very positive. It brings many things to the country that wouldnt be here if Mexican people didnt move here. With their contribution to the arts, entertainment, cuisine, traditions, and the economy, Mexican people have become a great asset. I believe that more people will finally accept Mexican immigration as a positive occurrence and will greet new Mexican people with open arms. As the Mexican immigration continues, the country will only get better.

Donald Trumps Views on Immigrants

Donald Trumps Views on Immigrants Alondra Medina   Making America Great Again: Not Really According to President Donald Trump When Mexico sends its people, Theyre not sending their best. Theyre bringing drugs, theyre bringing crime, theyre rapists, and some, I assume are good people (CNN). When President Donald Trump says things about immigrants that theyre supposedly bringing drugs, crimes, and that theyre rapists he says this without knowing how they are. The reason why theyre here illegally is because immigrants are chasing the American Dream. Immigrants are not here to bring drugs, crimes, nor to be rapists, they are here for hope, dreams, and more for their families. There is no need to be judging immigrants for not being what President Trump want them to be. Trump made his remarks in an interview with Lesly Stahl on CBS 60 minutes. It was his first national TV interview since winning the election (Eugene Kiely). In that interview Lesly Stahl asked Donald Trump, What about the pledge to deport millions and millions of undocumented immigrants? (Lesly Stahl) and President Trump responded with this exact words, What we are going to do is get the people that are criminals and have criminal records, gang members, drug dealers, we are going to incarcerate. But were getting them out of our country, theyre here illegally (Eugene Kiely). This means that out of those 2 or 3 million people that supposedly have a criminal record his going to deport them even if they are citizens. What he doesnt know or understand is that out of those 3 million people therere probably not just immigrants it could be also be all races. Another thing is that, The President made immigration and border control a key part of his election campaign, promising to protect Amer icans from Bad Dudes (BBC News). The point here is how youre going to protect Americans from people that are bad.   All Americans in some way they have a dark side, they are not perfect in a way that Trump wants them to be. Having immigrants deported for criminals records than every criminal should be deported also. And that is not way to protect Americans from criminals. President Donald Trump on one of his campaign Platform that in order to Make America Great he wants every single undocumented to be deported and leave the white people here in America. What he doesnt understand is that America was build and raised by immigrants. So Basically, this country is ours just like everybody else even Jorge Ramos a News Anchor said it in his own words, This is our country, Ramos responded, it is yours, it is mine, and it is ours. And the interesting thing is that with the Trump administration and many people who support Donald trump, they think it is their country, that it is a white country, and they are absolutely wrong. This is not a white country, it is ours, and thats precisely what Im saying (Jorge Ramos). And this true because America would not be nothing without immigrants, there will be food, construction, and competition for wages and jobs will impact negatively on some existing residents. Also, The value of immigration cannot be reduced to an actua rial table or spreadsheet. Immigrants do not simply make America better off. They make America better. Immigrants Provide a shot in the nation arm (Richard V. Reeves). New Americans are true Americans. We need more of them. But trump is tapping directly and dangerously into white fears of an America growing steadily browner (Richard V. Reeves). Mr. Kelly said that the number of inadmissible person crossing the U.S-Mexico border had dropped this year (2017) from 31,578 to 18,762 in January to February- a period when the number of arrests of illegal immigrants normally increases (BBC News). Because of immigration advocates suggest that under the trump administration immigration enforcement polices all most all of them could be targeted of deportation. 700,000 DREAMERS (NPR). So, realizing that president Donald Trump is just saying things without knowing immigrants how they are he doesnt even know a reason why his deporting people. Just because he has the power to do anything he can automatically deport people just like that. The importance of all of this is that everybody has dreams not by bringing drugs, crimes, nor to be rapists but to be more for their families. Everybody deserves a chance to prove who they really are. Immigrants are more than what presidents Donald Trump think. People living in the U.S. without legal status are frequently invoked in American politics especially in these recent months. But the conversation is often short on facts about the millions of people who fall into this category. Donald Trump thinks the worst of us immigrants because of what he sees and hears about the immigrants but only if he got to know us a little bit better he wont be thinking the way he thinks we are and do in this country. Works Cited Kiely, Eugene. Trump Repeats Criminal Alien Claim. FactCheck.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. Mortensen, Ronald W. President Trumps Executive Order Puts Americans First; at Least 75% of Illegal Aliens Eligible for Deportation. Center for Immigration Studies. N.p., 05 Feb. 2017. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. Reeves, Richard V. Heres What America Would Be Like Without Immigrants. Immigration Reform. N.p., 2016. Web. 2017. US Hails 40% Drop in Illegal Immigrants from Mexico. BBC News. BBC, 09 Mar. 2017. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. Wang, Hansi Lo, Alyson Hurt, and Camila Domonoske. How Americas Idea Of Illegal Immigration Doesnt Always Match Reality. NPR. NPR, 08 Mar. 2017. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.

Understanding Of Law And Recognising Its Limitations Social Work Essay

Understanding Of Law And Recognising Its Limitations Social Work Essay [For social workers] to practise effectively it is necessary to have a critical understanding of law and to recognise its limitations alongside it strengths (Wilson et al, 2008: 191). Using the case study of Mr A, this essay will outline the legislation regarding statutory duties and guidance which needs to be understood by service providers. It will also critically analyse and explore the issues relating to funding Mr As accommodation and safeguarding requirements. There are numerous acts and guidance that need to be considered which make this a complicated exercise. The first is the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, 1970 s1 which requires local authorities to be aware of the number of disabled people in their boundary in order to plan and develop provision of services. Furthermore, under s46 of the National Health Service and Community Care Act, 1990 they have a responsibility to publish a plan of community care services provided. As Mr B is the carer, the Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act, 2004 requires Countyshire to inform him of his entitlement to a Carers assessment (Wilson et al, 2008). Whilst Mr A lived with his brother, Countyshire would have a statutory duty under the NHSCCA (1990) and the Carers (Recognition and Services) Act, 1995 to assess Mr Bs needs as main carer for his brother as Mr B is ordinary resident there. The Carers and Disabled Children Act (2000) gives Mr B the right to request an assessment even if Mr A is not involved with care services. Local Authority Circular (2004)24 s2 outlines good practice for Mr Bs involvement in his brothers assessment process. For Mr A, under s47 of the NHSCCA (1990), Countyshire would have a statutory duty to assess his needs while he was living with his brother and a further duty under the policy guidance, Fair Access to Care Services 2002, issued under s7(1) of the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970, to decide within a reasonable time, what community care services should be provided to meet his needs (DOH, 2010). The legislation is complex for providing services, including accommodation, for Mr A. There are overlapping and conflicting obligations and a detailed history for Mr A is lacking. This highlights the need for a thorough assessment by a Social Worker and the appropriate sharing of information between the local authorities concerned. Because funding care is expensive authorities may hide behind the complexity of the law to evade their responsibility. As Mr A was detained under s37 of the Mental Health Act, 1983 (as amended by Mental Health Act, 2007) he would, upon leaving hospital under s117 MHA (1983), receive free after-care services for his mental health for as long as is required. As Mr A was detained in Ashire, that Local Authority, Local Health Board and Primary Care Trust are responsible for financing any after-care services (DOH, 2008 and Barber et al, 2009). After-care services under s117 of MHA (1989) would not be withdrawn from Mr A if he declined them, or Ashire discharged him from care. Even if Mr A was well settled in the community, he may continue to need after-care services in case of relapse or mental health deterioration. They would only be withdrawn if Ashire local authority, Mr A and the PCT agreed that he no longer needed them (DOH, 2008). If such an agreement was made by Ashire then Mr A would be unable to get after-care free under s117 of MHA (1989) but would need to be assessed under s47 of the NHSCCA (1990) for Countyshire to provide care under the National Assistance Act (1948). The MHA (1983) does not define what aftercare is, however it is accompanied by a Code of Practice, 2008, which, although not statutory is regarded as guidance, as confirmed in the case of R (Munjaz) v Mersey Care NHS Trust (2005) (Brammer, 2010 and Barber et al, 2009). The Code of Practice under 27.13 provides a list of areas to be considered in an assessment which the Social Worker, with Mr A, should include in the written after care plan (DOH, 2008). There have been numerous disputes between local authorities over the definition of ordinary resident, within s24 of the NAA (1948), and resident in s117(3) of the MHA (1993), and, therefore, which authority is responsible for funding a persons residential care. The recent publication Ordinary Residence by the Department of Health and the case of R (on the application of M) v. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and Another; R (on the application of Hertfordshire County Council) v. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham (2010) have provided clarity and guidance for practice confirming that for the purposes of s117 MHA (1983) after ­care, s24(5) of the NAA (1948) does not apply (RadclifeLeBrasseur, 2010). In the case of Mr A, if he is still under s117 MHA (1989) the duty to provide after-care services, including accommodation, would remain with Ashire as the local authority where he was detained even though he is living in Countyshire (DOH, 2010). Countyshire, under s24(3) of the NAA (1948), initially placed Mr A in the residential home to provide respite for his brother. The home is registered for residents with dementia and physical disabilities. Upon the decision to stay there permanently, Countyshire would have a common duty to re-assess Mr A to ensure the home is appropriate for his needs. If it is not part of Mr As care plan to provide appropriate accommodation for his mental health then Countyshire would need to fund his accommodation, under s21 of the NAA (1948). Mr A would also meet the criteria under the NAA (1948) s29(1) for his domiciliary care services to be provided by the local authority. NAA (1948) s29(4) with LAC (93)10 also outlines what care services should be considered and s2 of the CSDPA (1970) gives the local authority the power and duty to provide such services. If the accommodation is provided for Mr As health needs, the NHS are responsible as the local authority is not able to provide health services as defined in s21(8) NAA (1948). If Mr A funded his own accommodation he would be classed as a self-funder and require an ordinary residence with Countyshire, in line with the settled purpose test in Shah v London Borough of Barnet (1983). NAA (1948) s22(2) allows Countyshire to charge Mr A for the accommodation. When carrying out the financial assessment they must use the National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) Regulations (1992) in conjunction with Charging For Residential Accommodation Guide, which is updated annually (DOH, 2010). At present there is no specific legislation in England for vulnerable adult protection. The law regulating the safeguarding of vulnerable adults is taken from a number of relatively recent policies, guidance and case law (Clements and Thompson, 2007). Safeguarding has only recently become recognised as an area of work in its own right. It is an increasingly important part of a Social Workers responsibilities, as policy and guidance has given social service authorities the lead role in dealing with safeguarding issues (Mandelstam, 2008). The local authority as a public body, under the Human Rights Act 1998 s6, has a duty of care towards its citizens, to protect them from harm and uphold their human rights (Braye, 2010). In Z and others v UK (2001) the European Court of Human Rights found the local authority to be in violation of s6(3) HRA (1998), having failed to take reasonable steps to prevent serious ill-treatment when they were aware of abuse (Clements and Thompson, 2007). Safeguarding Adults procedures should be put in place, in line with HRA (1998), to support a person to live a life that is free from abuse and neglect (ADASS, 2005). As the local authority has been made aware of Mr As recent behaviour towards the other residents it is important that they appoint an Investigating Officer and take reasonable steps to prevent any abuse. The Care Standards Act, 2000 standard 18, stipulates that local authorities and care homes must have a written safeguarding policy which would apply to Ashire, Countyshire and the private care home. Also in 2000, the Department of Health published the No Secrets policy document, which provides guidance to local authorities on how to protect vulnerable adults and implement policies to protect them. The policy requires local authorities to have written multi agency safeguarding procedures and policies (Brammer, 2010). No Secrets is regarded as statutory guidance because the LASSA (1970), s7 requires a local authority to act under such guidance. The case of R v Islington LBC, ex p Rixon (1996), demonstrated that an authority is acting unlawfully if they deviate from the guidance (Mandelstram, 2008). The Association of Directors of Social Services in 2004, published the Protocol For Inter-Authority Investigation Of Vulnerable Adult Abuse. This protocol with reference to s3.8 of No Secrets (2000) and National Assistance Act 1948 LAC (93)7, clarified the responsibility and actions of the host and placing local authorities with regards to safeguarding. In the case of Mr A, although the residential home contacted Ashire, it would be the responsibility of Countyshire, as the host local authority, to take the lead in safeguarding procedures. However, a link person from Ashire would be invited to attend any adult protection strategy meeting, if it is the local authority funding his accommodation, as it would still be expected to have a duty of continuing care for Mr A (2004: 1-2). In 2005, ADASS published Safeguarding Adults, providing a national framework for good practice in adult protection work, including giving clear time frames, multi agency working and details of responsibilities (Clements and Thompson, 2007; Brammer, 2010). Whilst following safeguarding procedures it is important for the local authority to keep to the Data Protection Act, 1998. However, No Secrets states, It is inappropriate for agencies to give assurances of absolute confidentiality in cases where there are concerns about abuse, particularly in those situations when other vulnerable people may be at risk (2000: 24). A criticism of the No Secrets policy is that vulnerable adults are defined as people in need of community care services who are unable to protect themselves from abuse so it does not take into consideration people who do not require community care services (Clements and Thompson, 2007). Safeguarding Adults framework introduced the term safeguarding and moved away from the description of protection and vulnerable (Brayne and Carr, 2010). ADASS defined Safeguarding Adults as, This phrase means all work which enables an adult who is or may be eligible for community care services to retain independence, wellbeing and choice and to access their human right to live a life that is free from abuse and neglect (2005: 5). Using the ADASS definition, the vulnerable adults in this case, would be Mr A, and all the other residents in the residential home, given his current and previous behaviour. As Mr A is residing at a private residential care home, the home, along with the local authority, will be regulated by The CSA, 2000, supported by National Minimum Standards. Standard 18 of the NMS states that the registered person at the care home needs to ensure that service users are safeguarded from abuse (Clements and Thompson, 2007; Brammer, 2010). The registered person and possibly other care staff from the home would, therefore, be invited to the safeguarding strategy meeting. Under the Care Homes Regulations 2001, it is the responsibility of the care home registered person to inform the Care Quality Commission (CQC) of any suspected abuse (Brammer, 2010). Hampshire County Council Safeguarding Policy states that although the CQC should be informed and invited to a safeguarding strategy meeting, it is not routinely necessary for them to attend (2010: 52). However, following the CQC Safeguarding Protocol Procedures they should provide any relevant information for the meeting (2010: 11). Safeguarding Adults framework provide guidance on police involvement; if a crime is alleged to have taken place then they should be involved as soon as possible and decide whether they will be taking action (2005: 34). However, as Mr A has committed no crime, the police may not need to be invited to a strategy meeting. The care-co-ordinator, psychiatrist and GP for Mr A would be invited to attend a strategy meeting (Dorset For You, 2007). If a safeguarding assessment strategy is decided at the strategy meeting, Mr A, as he is deemed to have mental capacity, could also be involved with the assessment process and his views taken into account. However, Countyshire must act to uphold the human rights of all citizens and as other residents potentially are at risk, this duty will take precedence (ADASS, 2005). The case of Mr A has shown that although local authority social services have a legal duty and obligation to provide, fund and safeguard the most suitable care, this is a complex task involving an understanding of overlapping and conflicting obligations, from a wide range of primary legislation, secondary legislation, directions, guidance and case laws (Wilson et al, 2008). The case of Mr A supports the Law Commissions current work to create, under one act, a coherent legal framework for the provision of adult social care similar to the Children Act, 1989 (Law Commission, 2010). Word Count: 2196

Womens Studies History :: essays research papers

Woman's Studies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Woman's studies are at its most basic an examination of the experiences of women. The field place women in the center of inquiry and study. It is important to note that the study is by and for women. Woman are not treated as objects of study but as subjects of study. The field assumes that gender is a central aspect of society and tries to explore and define what it means to be a man or woman in today's society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early sixties it was noticed for the first time the lack or misrepresentation of women in college curriculum. With the increasing Woman's Movement, there came more demand for women on campus, both in the curriculum's and in the departments. Two approaches emerged from these efforts. The first was to add women to the existing curriculum, while keeping the rest of the curriculum basically intact. The second approach was to seriously challenge the curriculum and also created new programs of study. People began questioning the nature of knowledge and how it seemed to enforce male privilege and power. It was from this second approach that woman's studies emerged as a discipline .It offered a perspective that reflects women's lives and concerns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In many ways the woman's movement have helped and influenced the discipline of woman's studies. Indeed the discipline of woman's studies is sometimes considered the academic wing of the women's movement. Two important aspects were that of the movement's commitment to personal and societal change. The movement allowed women to ask questions about being a woman in today's society. This simple line of thought led to many ideas that have become central to woman's studies.

Safety Features in Automobiles Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

Safety Features  in Automobiles "Motor vehicle crashes are the number one killer of Americans under the age of 34. Every 22 minutes someone is killed in a crash" (Vince and Larry). Since 1990, many new safety features have been put into vehicles to help save lives. These features are Antilock brakes, airbags, OnStar, and four-wheel drive or all wheel drive. "One of the best safety features available is anti-lock braking system" (Gillis). Antilock brake system (ABS) is a safety feature that keeps the brakes from locking up so the driver can maintain control over steering and directional stability in situations where the driver has to apply heavy brakes, heavy enough that if the vehicle was not equipped with ABS, the brakes would lock up. ABS is usually engaged on slippery road surfaces, when traction is minimal. If a person's brakes lock up on a slippery surface, then the vehicle could loose steering control and the vehicle could spin. ABS could help a person avoid an accident because it allows a person to maintain steering control of the vehicle (Questions and answers...). In a vehicle not equipped with an antilock brake system, the driver has to manually pump the brakes to keep from sliding. ABS works by sensing each wheel's speed. When the sensors detects that the wheels are about to lock up, the ABS computer automatically changes the amount of brake fluid being sent to each wheel. With ABS engaged, the vehicle will "Maintain optimum braking performance---just short of locking up the wheels." The computer will keep adjusting the brake pressure as the road conditions change (Antilock brake systems ...). The four main parts of an antilock brake system are the speed sensors, the pump, the valves, and the controller. Th... ...ve.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1996). Moving * forward: expanding collaborations between traffic safety and public health. MA. Education Development Center, inc.. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1998). Questions and * answers regarding antilock brake systems (ABS). U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1999). New car safety features. U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2000). Antilock brake * systems (ABS): reading this could be one of the safest things you ever do. U.S. Department of Transportation. OnStar. (2002). What is OnStar: services. Retrieved March 14, 2003, from http://onstar.com/visitors/html/ao_features.htm "Vince and Larry." (1991). Vince and Larry on belts and bags. U.S. Department of Transportation.

Erik Erikson’s Eight Developmental Stages Essay

Development theories are psychological stages of life. Erik Erikson is best known for his stages of psychosocial development and coining the term ‘identity crisis’. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best known theories of personality. Though similar to Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of 8 stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosocial stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experiences across the whole lifespan. Erik Erikson’s Eight Developmental Stages Erik Erikson is one of the best known neo-Freudians in psychological history. He Grew up in Europe and spent most of his young adult life under the direction of Sigmund Freud. Erikson’s psychosocial development model was heavily influenced by Freud, and shares a number of central ideas from Freud’s psychosocial development theory. Instead of five stages, like Freud, Erikson came up with eight stages. The first stage, known as trust vs. mistrust, focuses on birth to roughly 18 months. Erikson also referred to infancy as the Oral Sensory Stage, which is the term Freud used for his first stage. The major emphasis on this stage is the parent-infant relationship. If the parent was nurturing and loving, the infant would gain trust in the parent and vice versa. Erikson said that: â€Å"Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cherry, 2013). The second stage is autonomy vs. shame and doubt which is characterized by self-control, courage and will. The general age is about 18 months to two or three years old. Children learn to master basic skills such as using the ‘potty’, walking, talking and feeding themselves. If children master these skills, they build a sense of confidence and autonomy. One of the worst skills a child learns during his or her â€Å"Terrible Two’s† is the ability to use the powerful word, â€Å"NO!†. If shamed in the process of mastering a skill or potty training, children tend to feel a sense of guilt and doubt;  therefore, lowering self-esteem. From roughly three to five years old, children tend to observe and mimic adults around them and take initiative in creating play situations. This is the third stage, also known as initiative vs. guilt. The child strives to gain the ability to do things on his or her own, such as dress him or herself. If â€Å"guilty† about making own choices, the child will experience guilt and won’t function well. The fourth stage is industry vs. inferiority. This is â€Å"school-age†, usually six to twelve years old. ‘Child compares self-worth to others, such as in a classroom environment’ (Wikipedia, 2013). ‘At this stage, we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and gaining knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry’ (Harder, 2002). If we feel inadequate and inferior among our peers, we can experience serious issues in terms of competence and self-esteem. In the fifth stage, development depends primarily upon what the child does and what is done to the child. Life is now definitely getting more complex as the child attempts to find his or her own iden tity, struggle with social situations, and grapple with moral issues. The age range is from about twelve to eighteen years old. This stage is known as identity vs. role confusion. This is also where the child tries to find him or herself and figure out his or her own identity. The sixth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory is intimacy vs. isolation. The average age is 18 to about 25 or 30. The young adult tries to find long lasting love and have mutually satisfying relationships with family and friends. Adults in this stage tend to generally begin to start a family. ‘If negotiating this stage is successful, we can experience intimacy on a deep level’ (Harder, 2002). The seventh stage is generativity vs. stagnation. This is during middle adulthood from about 35 to 65 years old. This is where work is one of the most crucial things in an adult’s life. ‘Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Harder, 2002). This is what Erikson called generativity. This stage is also notorious for the â€Å"mid-life crisis†. This basically means that once the adult’s child or children has gone off and flew the coop, the parent now has to find new priorities to tend to and struggle with finding new meanings and purposes. ‘If a person is not comfortable with the way their life is progressing, they’re usually  regretful about the decisions and feel a sense of uselessness’ (Wikipedia, 2013). This is what Erikson called stagnation. The last stage of Erikson’s development theory is ego integrity vs. despair. The adult is usually about 65 and it goes all the way to death. The individual has now reached the last chapter in their life. Retirement is steadily approaching his or her way or has already taken place at this time. Many have achieved what was important to them like graduating high school and college, getting married, raising a family and retiring from a great job. If the individual feels like he or she has done nothing with his or her life, a sense of despair will con sume him or her. If he or she feels very positive about looking back on life, he or she will feel a sense of integrity. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory is one of the best known stage theories in the psychology world. It does a great deal of explaining why humans act the way they act and why they are who they are. References Cherry, K. (2013). Erik erikson quotes. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologyquotes/a/erik-erikson-quotes.htm Erik erikson. (2013, April 14). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ErikErikson Harder, A. (2002). Erik erikson’s stages psychosocial development. Retrieved from http://www.support4change.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=108

European History Essay

When questioned in regards to the Enlightenment, an individual may give the general description that it was a time period ranging from the mid seventeenth to late eighteenth century that stressed the cultivation of philosophical, intellectual and cultural movements. However, they may not be aware of specific implications it had on former central powers such as the church. Although the scientific revolution was a stepping stone to the destabilization of the church, it was the enlightenment that ultimately removed the church from the central control of cultural and intellectual life. The scientific revolution is a time period in history roughly from 1500 to 1700 that is known as one where advances in European mathematical, political and scientific thought occurred. A â€Å"founding father† of the scientific revolution was a polish scientist by the name of Nicholas Copernicus, whose conclusion that it was the sun, not the earth that lies at the center of the solar system, was a d irect contradiction to the church, which strongly believed the vice-versa or the Geo-Centric theory. (Merriman,290) It was this initiating step that led other scientists to further question and test traditional church beliefs. An example of this is Galileo Galilee and his creation of a telescope that would confirm the geocentric theory, although for which he was decreed a heretic and put under house arrest. (Merriman 296) In the â€Å"Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633† we can directly see Galilee’s theories being refuted by the church in the following quote: â€Å"The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures†¦ The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor immovable, but that it moves, and also with a diurnal action, is also absurd, philosophically false, and, theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith†¦.Therefore: We pronounce, judge, and declare, that you, the said Galileo . . . have rendered yourself vehemently suspected by this Holy Office of heresy.† (2) Here we can see the church counter-arguing Galilee’s theory by stating that it contradicts the Holy Scriptures, the biblical text that virtually controlled how individuals interpreted the world. Through Galileo’s thought’s individual’s became encouraged to see the world through measurable means such as experiments and evidence, as oppose to biblical texts that told otherwise. It was only after scientific discoveries such as the one above that philosophers started questioning the natural world. It was discoveries such as the one above that influenced great thinkers such as Isaac Newton, whose discoveries altered not only scientific thought but views about religion for decades to come. (Merriman,300) A Prussian philosopher by the name of Immanuel Kant, who lived from the mid seventeen hundreds to the early eighteen hundreds, was influenced by these ideas of empiricism and reason. In his 1784 publication â€Å"What is Enlightenment† Immanuel Kant write s: â€Å"Sapere aude! (Dare to know) Have courage to use your own reason. If I have a book which understands for me, a pastor who has a conscience for me†¦I need not trouble myself. I need not think, if I can only pay – others will easily undertake the irksome work for me.† (1-2) This can be interpreted that Kant is advising individuals to use their own sense of logic and to understand the natural world. Here, we can see that traditional church ideas are being pushed away for ones of a logical nature, hence a church that is surely losing its grip on the people of Europe. This idea of tradition church ideas being replaced can be further seen in Kant’s writing when he states: â€Å"The escape of men from their self-incurred tutelage – chiefly in matters of religion because our rulers have no interest in playing guardian with respect to the arts and sciences and also because religious incompetence is not only the most harmful but also the most degrading of all.† (12) The interpretation that can be derived from this is that Kant believes that church officials have no concern for the development of man and wish for them to remain uneducated about the world in which they reside. Moreover, the argument can be made is that because the church’s negligence in accepting evolving scientific theories, people came to understand that the need to stray from church beliefs in order to grasp their own sense of understanding was unmistakable, therefore ultimately decreasing the churches once high standing in the lives of early Europeans. The scientific revolution, a corner stone for mankind, whose implications are being felt to this very day, was in addition responsible for the development of a time period known as the enlightenment. Characterized as a movement of philosophical, cultural, and intellectual gains, in addition the enlightenment was responsible for the decentralization of church power in Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Scientist such as Nicholas Copernicus, Galileo Galilee, and Isaac Newton influenced individuals through their theories which stressed using empirical evidence and reasoning to define the world they dwell in. It was through these ideas that Europeans came to understand the Church’s denial to accept reason and empiricism, decentralizing the churches one’s great grasp over society. Works-Cited Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† Internet Modern History Sourcebook. 15 November 2012. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/kant-whatis.html. Merriman, John. A history of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the age of Napoleon. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. London: W.W.Norton and Company Inc., 2010. N. pag. Print. â€Å"The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633.† . Web. 15 Nov. 2012. .

Essay Automobiles Essay

What aspects are considered when buying a car today? What aspects were considered when buying a car in the 60’s 70’s 80’s? What has changed for people to consider buying the cars that are being bought today? Automobiles Automobiles have been around for quite some time. They have changed in many aspects when compared to cars we have today and cars before the 80’s. A much wider variety of automobiles are available in today’s market than the variety that was available before the 80’s. The popular cars in the past were mainly American origin and had a similar base design. Around the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s many people did not have automobiles like they do today. A lot has changed for automobiles from then and now, aspects such as fuel economy, maintenance, reliability, durability, features and technology are all put into consideration when buying a car. It was the time when automobiles began being available in some average families household. The aspects that are considered today when buying a car aren’t the aspects that were considered back then. When people bought cars in the 60’s through the 80’s, they didn’t need to worry about the fuel efficiency of vehicles. Gasoline was very cheap and everyone who had a car was able to afford it with ease. A gallon of gasoline in the 60’s was about forty cents, and it went up to about seventy five cents around the 80’s. The average engine size that was in vehicles in the 60’s through the 80’s was a V8 engine. A V8 engine uses a tremendous amount of gasoline and the average fuel economy rating for vehicles in that time frame was about twelve mpg (miles per gallon)( Nicholls, Richard. ). In today’s world the most common aspect that is considered by a person looking to buy a car is the fuel economy rating. Due to the high prices on gasoline, people cannot afford to buy big cars or ones with big engines. Gas prices have gone up drastically in the last 15 years, and are still increasing. Car manufacturers began developing electrical, hybrid and fuel-cell vehicles to get back into business and help people save money on gas. Many car companies lost great amounts of money because they weren’t able to sell many of their vehicles. The Japanese were the first to develop hybrid and electrical vehicles. These vehicles began to get popular quickly because of the efficient fuel economy ratings. These vehicles became popular to companies that gave vehicles to their employees, taxi services, and to some public transportation vehicles. Car manufacturers in other countries began developing hybrid and electrical vehicles to offer a wide variety of vehicles for buyers and to get back on track in business. Many of these hybrid and electrical vehicles didn’t have an attractive look to them, so manufacturers needed to work on other aspects to attract customers. (Westbrook, Michael H) Automobiles in the 60’s through the 80’s were usually two door vehicles. These vehicles were very attractive at the time, and everyone who was able to buy a car, didn’t care about other aspects in vehicles aside from the looks. It was the time when vehicles just began being popular and people didn’t know much about cars, and determined what to buy only by the looks. People didn’t care about the amount of airbags or how much gas the car burned. Cars didn’t have bad reputations at the time because; it was when they were just getting popular. Automobiles didn’t have pasts for people to think about and make a decision. Many of these vehicles had an almost equal value to one another. It isn’t the same way now; looks are just a small portion of what is considered when buying a car. (Hennessy, Kathryn, and Beth Landis. ) Looks has an important role for a person when he or she is buying a car. An automobile can have an absolutely stunning fuel economy rating, with a durable engine, and a great price; but if its ugly, it most likely won’t be considered. Having the specifications that people look for under the hood is not enough for one to buy that vehicle. It also needs to look attractive, and grab the attention from people around it. Car manufacturers have many options for each vehicle they make. A buyer can walk up to a car in a dealership, and have many options for what is under the hood. The same car would most likely be available in a four cylinder a six cylinder or even an 8 cylinder. If a person is looking for a car with that look, and that can be fuel efficient, he or she would most likely go with the four cylinder vehicle. If another buyer is looking for a car with that look, but with more power and muscle, he or she would go with the six or eight cylinder model of that vehicle. We have much more options in today’s market, but even with the many options that car manufacturers offer, these vehicles usually have a down side to them still. (Hennessy, Kathryn, and Beth Landis. ) During the time between the 60’s and the 80’s, when people were buying vehicles, these vehicles didn’t have much of a reputation behind them. There weren’t any sayings such as â€Å"GM cars do not last long† or â€Å"Ford’s break down easily†. It was the time when these cars had just started being popular, and there wasn’t much history behind them. People didn’t have much feedback about the cars, to give advice for. Back then, there weren’t as many cars on the roads as there are today, so accidents weren’t as common as they are now, back then. Owners or anyone who was seeking to buy a vehicle wasn’t looking to buy a car for its safety ratings, or the amount of air bags that were installed in these vehicles. These factors didn’t have much of an effect for a person to think about it. People knew that a Bugatti was a much better car than a ford, but this decision wasn’t made according to the amount of air bags, or safety ratings of the vehicle. ( Berliant, Adam.) When buying a car today, many aspects come into role play, and two of the most important factors are reliability and durability. Many cars have a bad reputation; many GM vehicles are known to die out after reaching 100,000 miles. When buying a car, the owner would appreciate it if he or she can sell the car after reaching a certain amount of miles, and not have a problem selling it. It is important for any person to feel confident that his or her vehicle will not die out quickly and can last a long time. Many American cars have a bad reputation for being known to die out quickly. Many foreign car manufacturers like Toyota have a good reputation and are known to make vehicles that can last up to 500,000 miles if used well. This has a big impact for anyone in the reliability and durability aspect, because he or she doesn’t need to worry about the car dying out quickly, or if he or she can sell it after some time. There are a lot more cars on roads today, then the amount there were in the 60’s, 70’s or the 80’s. Meaning that, there are a lot more accidents and a lot more deaths and injuries that are caused from automobile incidents. Safety has an important role when a car is being bought, people check for specifications such as the amount of air bags, safety ratings, ABS, or the number of impact beams that are installed in the vehicles. A driver is much more comfortable in a car which he or she can feel safer in. Aside from just reliability and durability, many other aspects such as features are given value to when buying a car. (Berliant, Adam. ) The features that were offered in vehicles throughout the 60’s, 70’s, and 80’s have a wide range of differences between them. The 60’s was a time when automobiles were available in the market, and almost all vehicles had a similar system of operating. Features included seat belts, disk brakes, gear boxes and a few more. These were improvements that lead to a true automobile; the first systems that were used to develop vehicles had flaws and needed redesign to fix these flaws. Throughout those years, features such as impact beams started to appear on vehicles. The most important feature that was added to the automobile was the gearbox. They had started off with manual gearboxes with 3 gears, and later developed into gearboxes with a reverse and up to 5 gears. The improvement that had changed it all was the automatic gearbox. In the late 80’s automatic gearboxes began appearing in many vehicles, and made it much easier for people to operate. Other features such as power windows, power mirrors, central locking systems, and cruise control began appearing in most vehicles in the late 80’s and 90’s. (Hennessy, Kathryn, and Beth Landis. ) Features that were optional for vehicles in the late 80’s and early 90’s are available in the base model of nearly all vehicles today. Features that are offered in vehicles today are much more advanced. This occurs because as technology grows, this equipment became available in many shapes and forms. This allows equipment that was not available for automobiles in the past such as high quality sound systems, DVD entertainment systems and keyless entry, to be available in modern day vehicles. People used to look for features such as automatic gearboxes, or ABS break systems, but now those features don’t have the same value because they are available for anyone. In today’s world people look for features such as remoteless key entry, Bluetooth wireless technology, on star systems, electronic stability and much more. The growing of technology may have increased the options that a person has for when looking to buy a car, but it has made maintenance and repairs much more expensive. (Duffy, James E. Modern Automotive Technology) The popular cars in the 60’s through the 80’s were mainly American cars with big engines and a lot of muscle. These vehicles were the most popular vehicles and if any maintenance was needed for these vehicles, nearly all auto shops would have known the process of repair for these vehicles. Majority of these vehicles had a similar style and look to them and they had that similar concept under the hood as well. These cars were made in America, so any replacement parts that were needed, weren’t hard to find. People didn’t need to worry about waiting for parts to be imported so the proper repairs can be done; it was available and a lot easier to get a hold of. The automobile market was doing very well, and this was helpful for car owners because replacement parts weren’t as expensive as they are today. Labor wasn’t expensive at the time, and workers weren’t paid as much money. It has changed a lot over the times and the maintenance aspect of automobiles has become a problem for many. (The Peoples History. ) Today, we have many vehicles from all around the world, with different types of engineering. In America, there are cars from many Asian and European countries. Many of these manufacturers are a lot more successful than others and have more opportunities. The Japanese have a lead in the auto industry and are able to produce vehicles in America rather than import them from other countries. A lot of money is used in the starting of such an operation but saves a lot of money over time. Many American automobile companies move their factories to countries such as Mexico, and some South American Countries where employment and land is cheaper. This causes a big irony in the maintenance field of automobiles; replacement parts for Japanese cars become cheaper than the replacement parts for American cars, in America. In the maintenance field of automobiles today, it is a lot more expensive than what it was before. When people want to go to the dealer for some type of maintenance that is needed, they can end up spending a lot of money for a simple repair. This is due to the amount of money that is needed for the product to be made and imported from another country. People choose to rather go to a local auto shop or a mechanic shop, and get their job done for a lot cheaper. The problem with this is that since there are so many types of vehicles in today’s world, a mechanic isn’t always able to work with some vehicles due to the lack of knowledge he has about specific vehicles. When a mechanic is found, the total cost of repairs ends up being nearly the same as what the dealer would charge because, the mechanic is able to charge more money knowing that the owner of the vehicle doesn’t have much options. (â€Å"Auto Maintenance – Scot Richard) Many aspects are to be put into consideration when looking to buy an automobile. The factors that were put into consideration in the past have changed a lot to when compared to know. It is hard to find the car that meets the requirements for a person seeking to buy a car. The automobile industry is a lot bigger than what it used to be, and more options are available. The aspects, fuel efficiency, looks, durability, reliability, features and maintenance, are all considered, the goal is to find the one that meets each individuals standards. The aspects that are put into consideration have changed many times, and will keep changing as technology grows. Work Cited 1. â€Å"Auto Maintenance – Scot Richard. † Personal interview. 20 Apr. 2012. 2. Berliant, Adam. The Used Car Reliability and Safety Guide. Cincinnati, OH: Betterway, 1994. Print. 3. Duffy, James E. Modern Automotive Technology. South Holland, IL: Goodheart-Willcox, 1994. Print. 4. Hennessy, Kathryn, and Beth Landis. Hester. Car: The Definitive Visual History of the Automobile. New York, NY: DK Pub. , 2011. Print. 5. Nicholls, Richard. American Classic Cars. 1st ed. Rochester: Grange, 2008. Print. 6. The Peoples History. â€Å"Money and Inflation 1970’s. † History including Popular Culture, Prices, Events, Technology and Inventions. The People History Where People Memories and History Join, 2004. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. . 7. Westbrook, Michael H. The Electric Car. 1st ed. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers. Print.