RMON and RMON Probes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RMON and RMON Probes - Essay Example For instance, SNPP is neither convenient nor efficient while collecting network traffic over an overused, low-bandwidth WAN link (Docstore, 2014). This means that SNMP does not guarantee the effectiveness of collected data since the data collected under SNMP is usually not ready for use. This call for a better approach in the collection, processing, reduction, and retrieval of data in a selective manner and hence the concept of a remote monitoring (RMON). The remote monitoring (RMON) should act as an extension to SNMP. Indeed, RMON and SNMP organize and retrieve data in a similar manner (Docstore, 2014). Generally, RMON refers to mechanism that collects and processes data at the collection point (Docstore, 2014). Ideally, we can refer to RMON as a standard mechanism that defines a set of statistics and functions that can shift between RMON-compliant console systems and network probes (Cisco, 2014). Just like in a SNMP, users can implement the RMON as a standard Management Information Base (MIB) on RMON-enabled devices. As a result, RMON offers a better platform to network-fault diagnosis, plan, and fine-tune the collected data (Cisco, 2014). RMON can collect data through a continuous process and offline mechanisms (Docstore, 2014). More so, we can implement the RMON in software of an existing device, hardware, or separate device. The implementation of the RMON helps in achieving remote packet capture (Docstore, 2014). Notably, the ha rdware implementations of the RMON or Remote network monitoring devices define  Remote Monitoring probe (RMON probe) or monitors (Docstore, 2014). Indeed, the RMON-enabled devices include the RMON probes and existing network devices like routers that have an RMON probe embedded into their circuitry (LUTEUS SARL, 2004). In this context, an RMON MIB describes data organization, OIDs identifies the data, while SNMP commands retrieves the data (Docstore,

U.S. Military Women in Vietnam Essay Example for Free

U.S. Military Women in Vietnam Essay United States military women played important roles during the war, in Vietnam. Women served on voluntary terms and proved to aid amid the destruction and death in Vietnam. When Diane Carlson Evans, a former army nurse in Vietnam, first saw the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, she felt something was missing. Her efforts to highlight the service of women in Vietnam were rewarded on November 11, 1993, when the Vietnam Womens Memorial was dedicated. We learn from (Anderson, p. 99) that, â€Å"All women who served in Vietnam were volunteers, whether civilian or military. At one time there was discussion about drafting women nurses, but this was never implemented. Some women military asked to go to Vietnam, and some were sent against their wishes and even against recruiters promises, but all were volunteers because they voluntarily signed up for the military. † The discussion came up about drafting women, during Vietnam but it was decided that women would not be ordered to serve during this war. There was a huge need for nurses and other jobs, in Vietnam, but the draft was never made mandatory. We learn from Joan Arrington Craigwell and Ellen Hoffman Young, (Craigwell, Young, p. 77) that â€Å"Significant numbers of women served admirably in all branches of service as professional nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, air traffic controllers, aerial reconnaissance photographers, intelligence and language specialists, legal officers, and in security and administrative positions. Civilian women also served in Vietnam in the Red Cross, USO, the Central Intelligence Agency and the U. S. Agency for International Development, as well as in other government agencies. Other women worked there as journalists, flight attendants, and in various church and humanitarian organizations. † We also learn that, â€Å"Where are these women today? Could they possibly be your wife, your nurse, co-worker, your supervisor, your physician or your next door neighbor? Could you find them if you looked? These women have camouflaged themselves, an easy task in our society. All they have to do is keep quiet. Women served alongside men in that sink-pit of war. For the country to heal, these women need to reveal the full depth of their experiences, first to themselves and then to the rest of us. Its time for womens experiences and contributions to be recognized and acknowledged as an important part of the history of the Vietnam conflict. †Women have not necessarily been associated with serving in the United States, during Vietnam. When we think about Vietnam, we most likely connect the war with an all male group. Many women served in Vietnam and made huge contributions to this war effort. We learn from the Tod Advisor’s Notebook that, (Women in Vietnam, p. 1) â€Å"In 2002, we think nothing of seeing women soldiers going into combat, or women police officers on our streets. This is a fairly recent development and, even today, these are far from accepted roles for women outside the United States (and Canada). During the time of TOD, 1967-69, womens role in society was very limited. In the military, women were mostly restricted to clerical or medical duties. All women who served in the Armed Forces were either volunteers or obligatories (again, my term), the latter being mostly nurses who had received public funding for their training and were obliged to serve two years in the military in exchange. During the period of the Vietnam War, women did not attend West Point or participate in ROTC programs. Far fewer women served in the military (either in total or as a percentage) than had served in WW II.

The Nurse Managers Role In Phy Essay -- essays research papers

Collaboration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 The nurse mangers role in creating a collaborative work environment The nurse manager is vital in creating an environment where nurse-physician collaboration can occur and is the expected norm. It is she, who clarifies the vision of collaboration, sets an example of and practices as a role model for collaboration. The nurse manager also supports and makes necessary changes in the environment to bring together all the elements that are necessary to facilitating effective nurse-physician collaboration. Many authors (Alpert, Goldman, Kilroy, & Pike, 1992; Baggs & Schmitt, 1997; Betts, 1994; Evans, 1994; Evans & Carlson, 1993; Keeman, Cooke, & Hillis, 1998; Jones, 1994) have indicated that nurse-physician collaboration is not widespread and a number of barriers exist. The following will discuss the necessary ingredients for creating a nursing unit that is conducive to nurse-physician collaboration and supported through transformational leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first important barrier according to (Keenan et al., (1998) is concerned with how nurses and physicians have not been socialized to collaborate with each other and do not believe they are expected to do so. Nurse and physicians have traditionally operated under the paradigm of physician dominance and the physician's viewpoint prevails on patient care issues. Collaboration, on the other hand, involves mutual respect for each other's opinions as well as possible contributions by the other party in optimizing patient care. Collaboration (Gray, 1989) requires that parties, who see different aspects of a problem, communicate together and constructively explore their differences in search of solutions that go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible. Many researchers have argued (Betts 1994; Evans & Carlson, 1993; Hansen et al., 1999; Watts et al., 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collaboration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 that nurses and physicians should collaborate to address patient care issues, because consideration of both the professions concerns is important to the... ...in Nursing & Health. 20(1), 71-80. Betts,V.T. (1994). Removing practice barriers. Health Systems Review. 27(3), 18-19.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cassidy, V.R. & Kroll, C.J. (1994). Ethical aspects of transformational leadership. Holistic Nursing Practice. 9(1), 41-47. Corley, M.C. (1998). Ethical dimensions of nurse-physician relations in critical care. Nursing Clinics of North America. 33(2), 325-335. Evans, J.A. (1994). The role of the nurse manager in creating an environment for collaborative practice. Holistic Nursing Practice. 8(3), 22-31. Evans, S.A. & Carlson, R. (1993). Nurse-physician collaboration: solving the nursing shortage crisis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 20(7), 1669-73. Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating: finding common ground for multiparty problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hansen, H.E., Biros, N.H., Delaney, N.M., & Schug, V.L. (1999). Research utilization and interdisciplinary collaboration in emergency care. Academic Emergency Medicine. 6(4), 271-279. Heide, B.A., Goldman, L.D., Kilroy, C.M., & Pike, A.W. (1992). Seven Gryzmish: toward an understanding of collaboration. Nursing Clinics of North America. 27(1), 47-59.

A book review on “The Mountain People” by Colin Turnbull Essay

Turnbull has been quoted as a renowned ethnographic on writing about small-scale societies which lead a peaceful life in a trouble-free atmosphere by maintaining the size of their population and enjoyed a pollution-free environment till they are polluted by progress. In this book, Turnbull is describing about Ik tribal people who lived in the northern parts of Uganda and near to the border of Kenya who had to leave their ancestral villages as the area had been declared as a national park later. Due to this, Ik people had to live in non-fertile area which was affected by drought and famine almost several years in a series. [p. 117] and today, it is evident that Ik are facing a total negation of society. The specialty of Turnbull is that the style which the book is presented as he just narrated what he had seen and observed in the Ik province without adding colors or adding his own judgment on the scenery. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay Turnbull tries to give an anthropologist’s bird’s view on Ik’s style of living and conditions of their life by establishing close contact with Ik community and with communities lived in the neighborhood. Turnbull while living with Ik’s witnessed continuous cattle raids and how their children had been deserted by the parents even at the age of three and how the youths robbed the food-stuffs from the elders thereby making them to die prematurely. The Mountain People deals with the ethnographic details of the Ik or Teuso people living in northern Uganda. Turnbull in this book tries to expose how society and small-scale societies in general have been pretentious. In this book , Turnbull ties to portray the Rousseauesque picture of gatherers , hunters in general and Pygmies in specific , narrating generosity , kindness , honesty ,affection , charity ,compassion and other virtues available in them [p31]. [Spencer 651]. Due to progress, Ik have been compelled to leave their nomadic life and forced to peruse agriculture and illegal poaching. From 1965 onwards, innocent and gullible Ik have developed qualities like envy, acrimony, suspicion by leaving behind trust and royalty and parental love as the children were sent out of their homes as early as three years to stand on their own legs and elderly peopled died due to absence of caretaking and love. Ik had the qualities of co-operation and control but later they never practiced theses qualities due to famine and hunger. Turnbull commented that he witnessed those vestiges of generosity, kindness and light-heartedness which disappeared by overnight by the occupation of survival instincts that cherish in all of us. [Turnbull 33]. Author had an occasion to live with this Ik population at the time of famine and political unrest in Uganda and witnessed the dying of older people and how Ik population was reduced to bare minimum due to these factors. He felt that Ik population was isolated due to famine from the society and finally the Ik population was completely vanished as it would be the fate of every marginal society. [p 285]. [Spencer 652] Turnbull narrated that Ik had no opportunity to have sumptuousness like sentiment, family and love. Since there was no societal affiliation, both the aged and children were regarded as futile. As long as if society keeps rearing group alive, one can always have more children. Since, in the absence of care, old perished first followed by Ik’s children population. Yet, there existed a ethnic suicide. [p 108 -109]. Further, due to continuous famine and drought, Ik perused basic survival tactics to live. [27]. The deterioration of social bindings does not connote that there is absence of collaboration between individuals. They assisted each other in times of help. [121]. Beating and harassing their wife is a pastime for Ik’s men. [138] . They also followed some rites in their marriage traditions. The bridegroom had to capture the bride in the cover of darkness though it was a prearranged one in advance. [106]. Though, the Ik’s had religious faith like worshipping ‘Didigwari’ name of a sky god in earlier days but later it was absent in the Ik’s society after the collapse of their society. [158]. Turnbull was of the opinion that Ik were enjoyed the best conservationists style of living as long as they were hunter / gatherer. [21]. Turnbull depiction of Ik style of living is almost analogues to Malthusian process where in the absence of epidemic and warfare, the population tends to increase to their ecological limit. However, in Ik model, the population completely vanished due to famine, hunger, neglect of older, younger and weaker dependants. Further, malice represents an unavoidable and sharp quality when some ecological shift revealed overpopulation for what it was. Turnbull is of the view that the effort to resettling down the Ik may have generated a distinct unprecedented turn in their ecology. Ik society won an interstitial position between adjoining karamojong-speaking pastoral tribes like trading, doing black-smith work, escorting them during their cattle raids resulted in intermigration and intermarriage with them. These individual ties namely [nyot] between Ik and pastoralists demonstrated that Ik were prepared to demonstrate longer term self-interest and a degree of trust which is absent elsewhere. [p. 162]. [Spencer 652] The Ik justify a place in the literature of reaction to stress and extreme deprivation. Children were actually taken care of in concentration sites. Besides a passing remark of Treblinka, Turnbull does not place them in this context and makes little comparison of any kind. [236]. Turnbull offered an interesting assumption that Ik’s hunter’s social group engaged in traits like amenability in social grouping and self-reliance and independence which acted as a kind of pre-adaptation for the dissolution of family tie in the light of continued catastrophe. [p. 287]. Turnbull is also of the view that there is still flourishment of artistic tradition among the Ik. [277]. Turnbull also elaborated that most of the Ik girls were disease-prone prostitutes and the young men desired to economize on their energy and wealth by engaging in masturbation and deserting the girls alone. [ 209]. Turnbull warns us as â€Å" this decline in human relationships among the Ik to the individual levels places the Ik one leap ahead of civilization†¦Our society has turning increasingly individualistic. Now, the family values tend to loose its significance and religious practice and belief bind us into communities of shared beliefs. The order in the society is being maintained existence of coercive power which is upholding a rigid law and by an equally harsh penal system. † [182]. In retaliation to a criticism to his book, Turnbull commented that the book has not written for anthropologists but it was fashioned to accomplish the anthropologist’s duty to reveal his findings to the general public. This book detailed â€Å"a varied numbers of anthropological issues and solutionss in such an thoughtless style that it merits both to hold up as a warning and to be sanctioned. † [Barth 100]. According to Henry A. Murray, a psychologist, the human behavior is ruled by a sequence of needs and when a fundamental need like food is unsatisfied, other higher order needs like trust, love must go by the board. This is true in case of Ik’s but Turnbull never aware of it. Turnbull findings was said to be deeply flawed both on ethnographical and ideological grounds. Turnbull love affair with the pygmies largely reflected his colored perception about the Ik. Turnbull acclaimed that the data covered in the book were insufficient for arriving an approaching proof. He frequently goes outside the limits of well accepted ethnographic reporting, interpreting his account with personal judgments and ascribing aims for observed behavior Turnbull is rather right in uttering that man is competent to unleash severe inhumanity to himself and Ik is certainly an extreme example of this. However, it is hilarious to note that Turnbull seems to visualize that he is the first to have discovered this fact and it is his duty to preach the world what he observed. According to Barkow, Collin Turnbull has given a superficial and exaggerated book. [Barkow 155]. The absence of bonding in the society was evident from the fact that when food was distributed by the Ugandan government to famine affected areas like Ik’s province, the younger generation went to the nearest town for collecting the food never cared to carry and supply them to the aged, weak people as they considered it as waste of food and time to feed their starving aged, weaker relatives and neighbors. [232]. Due to poverty, Ik deceived each other’s and Turnbull was not exception to this. Turnbull christened them as people without love and they were uncharitable, unfriendly, mean and inhospitable as any people can be. Turnbull compared the Ik society with that of inhuman conditions prevailed in Nazi death camps where Jews were butchered during the Second World War. Turnbull found the similarity of the extinction of Ik tribe without that of mass butchering of Jews in Nazi death camps and branded it on a global scale and forewarned that an ultimate destruction of mankind in near future. Turnbull in concluding chapter was of the opinion that Ik society had a bleak future. If unattended, their society would vanish in the course of time and it is very arduous to restructure their society. Government should help them to resettle by segregating them into smaller groups else they would miss their identity. However, Turnbull is fully aware that this action would be condemned by human rights organization but it is the need of the hour to preserve the Ik community in this vast universe. WORKS CITED Barkow, Jerome H. â€Å"The Mountain People† A Book Review. â€Å"Canadian of African Studies, Vol 9 [1] [1975]:155-156. Spencer, Paul. â€Å"The Mountain People† A Book Review. â€Å"Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 8. No 4 [Dec 1973]: 651 -652. Turnbull, Colin M . The Mountain People. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972

Influences of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty in Restaurant Industry in Malaysia Essay

Malaysia is a rapidly developing country in Asia and economic growth is projected to moderate to 5. 2% in 2011 (Suzy, 2011). According to the World Bank Group, Malaysia GDP per capita is 14,215 USD, which is adjusted by purchasing power parity. This shows that the purchasing power and standard of living of the Malaysians is growing adequately. Consequently, Malaysians allocate largest amount of household expenditures to their food budgets (Nezakati et al. , 2011). In today’s fast changing social and lifestyle trends, more and more Malaysian households are eating outside due to time constraints. More women are involving in the working force. Parents are working all day long and they are no longer willing or able to spend some time in preparing dinner for the family at home after a tiring working day (Nezakati et al. , 2011; Jangga et al. , 2012). This is especially true in the big cities like Kuala Lumpur where the people spend most of their time working. Besides, the number of people dining out is increasing due to movement away from extended family hosueholds (Nezakati et al. , 2011). In addition, some families spend their weekend gathering with other family members in restaurants (Jangga et al., 2012). On the other hand, Generation Y (Refers to those who were born from 1979 to 1994 and under the age groups between 16 to 33 years old) prefers to eat outside or involve in social gathering activities at the restaurants (Kwek et al. , 2011). In the Chinese culture, restaurants are a common venue for social gatherings and business entertainment. Food consumption in restaurants provides an experience of excitement, celebration, and establishing social connections (Feng, 2003). The best option is to get a pleasant restaurant that could provide quality service and good dining experience. All these factors contribute to the great potential of the Malaysia’s restaurant industry in terms of profitability and economic growth. The restaurant industry is one of the key contributors for the service sector in Malaysia. The restaurant industry is relatively competitive in nature with stiff competition within the industry due to the arising of more local and foreign full service restaurants as well as the increasing number of new entrants offering differentiated food products and services (Voon, 2011). On the other hand, customers are becoming more demanding and their needs are rather diverse (Stevens et al., 1995; Kueh and Voon, 2007). With increasing competition within the restaurant industry, attracting new customers can no longer guarantee profits and success, but retaining existing customers is more vital to the success of the restaurant businesses (Shoemaker et al. , 1999; Anderson and Narus, 2004; Gee et al. , 2008; Haghighi et al. , 2012). Parasuraman et al. (1985) and Zeithaml et al. (1990) stated that the key strategy for the success and survival of any business is the delivery of quality service to customers, and this especially important in the service sectors like restaurant industry. The quality of service offered to the customers will influence customer satisfaction and attitudinal loyalty, which will then lead to success of the businesses (Ravichandran et al. , 2010). 2. 0Background of Research Customer service quality is a crucial source of distinctive competence and is often considered as a key success factor in sustaining competitive advantage in service industries (Palmer, 2001). Thus, the delivery of a higher level of service quality is a very important strategy by which service organizations can position themselves more effectively in the market place. The success of restaurant businesses relies on providing superior service quality, value, and customer satisfaction, which in turn enhances customer repeat patronage (Heskett et al. , 1997). The important relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty have thus been an important area of research (Zeithaml et al. , 1996; Pettijohn et al. , 1997; Dabholker et al. , 2000; Sivas and Baker-Prewitt, 2000; Kueh and Voon, 2007; Qin and Prybutok, 2008). Parasuraman et al. (1994) emphasized that SERVQUAL is a lasting and reliable scale of service quality and it is applicable in an extensive spectrum of service domains such as financial institutions, libraries, hotels, medical centers and restaurants. Many researchers have tried to use SERVQUAL in different service domains such as medical services (Swartz & Brown, 1989; Lam, 1997), tourism (Tribe and Snaith, 1998; Atilgan et al. , 2003), libraries (Nitecki, 1996; Coleman et al. , 1997), banks (Angur et al. , 1993), restaurants and hotels (Hokey et al., 2002), and government services (Donnelly et al. , 1995). Past researches in the restaurant industry has identified several factors that determine the level of satisfaction experienced by customers when they visit full service restaurants. The factors are such as quality of food, service and physical environment (Han and Ryu, 2009), atmosphere of the restaurant (Ladhari et al. , 2008), service and delivery (Goyal and Singh, 2007), cleanliness and service quality (Lockyear, 2005), and appropriate cost and attentive service (Namkung and Jung, 2010). Most restaurant quality related studies have focused mostly on the ambience and service delivery as a core competency of a restaurant (Namkung and Jang, 2007). Ladhari et al. (2008) mentioned that service quality has the most significant effect on dining satisfaction, followed by product quality, hygiene, menu diversity, price-value and convenience. 3. 0Problem Statement What are the key service quality dimensions influencing the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Malaysia’s restaurant industry? 4. 0Research Objectives The main objectives of the study are: 1. To identify the key dimensions of service quality that affect customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Malaysia’s restaurant industry. 2. To study the importance and impact of service quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Malaysia’s restaurant industry. 3. To determine the current customer satisfaction and customer loyalty levels in Malaysia’s restaurant industry. 4. To recommend some guidelines for improvement of service quality from the customers’ perspective in Malaysia’s restaurant industry. 5. 0Justification of Research There is a lack of researches in measuring the service quality with the five generic dimensions of SERVQUAL in Malaysia’s restaurant industry. This has spurred on the interest of the study in identifying the importance of service quality from the customers’ perspective in Malaysia’s restaurant industry especially on the full service restaurants. This study will offer important practical implications especially in service quality for the Malaysia’s restaurant industry. This will provide the restaurateurs with detailed information in service quality to help them to identify the key service quality dimensions for success and competitiveness. This can help the restaurant managers and staffs to focus their efforts on improving customer perceptions of service quality and enhancing the dining experience of their customers. Due to the intensive competition in the restaurant industry, therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the key service quality dimensions influence the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty to their preferred full service restaurants which in turn increases patronage rates of their preferred restaurants. The focus of the study is mainly on the role of service quality adopted from SERVQUAL in the full service restaurants in Malaysia.

POSITIONING Al Ries and Jack Trout Essays - Marketing, Free Essays

POSITIONING Al Ries and Jack Trout Essays - Marketing, Free Essays POSITIONING Al Ries and Jack Trout Positioning On repeated occasions we have heard that lack of communication is the main problem in any type of relationship in which you interact and need to convey a message. Today, we are overwhelmed by the media that are present in every context, bombard us with so much information that it is impossible for our brain to retain it all, at least that which is not relevant to our subconscious. And it is that the subconscious is the one in charge to administer the volume of information that arrives to him, rejects great part of it, and only accepts that it fits with his previous knowledge and experiences. But as described, having so many message distribution channels, the subconscious has become more demanding at the time of storing this information, which is why it is now even more complex to transmit messages that are received, processed and understood. its entirety When it comes to solving the problem of how to be heard in an overcommunicated society, positioning is the first thing that comes to mind. Positioning is something intangible in communication, but you want to achieve in it to achieve impact in society. Positioning, is a complex concept that has been difficult to understand but that if you can understand and master it will become a tool of high impact, mainly in marketing media. First of all, we must clarify that the positioning does not refer to the product, but to what is done with the minds of the likely customers or people to whom we want to influence; that is, how the product is located in their minds. If it is desired to cause an impact, in today's society, positioning must be created, and this is not starting from something different, but rather manipulating what is already in the mind; reorder existing connections. The marketing strategies used several decades ago were designed for a society completely alien to today's society, those sales strategies no longer have an impact on the current market, there are too many products, companies and "noises". Society is over-communicated, and that is why a new focus on advertising and marketing is necessary. In the world of communication today, the only way to stand out is to know how to choose, concentrating on few objectives, practicing segmentation. The best way to reach our overcommunicated society is the oversimplified message, to penetrate the mind you have to sharpen the message. But the solution to the problem does not have to be sought within the product or within the mind itself; The solution of the problem is in the client's mind in perspective. Since only a minimum part of the message will be able to break through, we must ignore the sender to focus on the receiver: concentrate on the way the other person perceives, and not on the reality of the product. It may be better not to communicate unless you are willing to take long-term positions. Nobody has a second chance to make a good first impression. Beyond this, it has been discovered that people are capable of receiving only a limited amount of sensations: upon reaching a certain level, the brain goes blank and refuses to function normally. To better understand what are the elements against which the message that one emits must be measured, we must consider more closely the human mind. As a defense mechanism against the volume of today's communications, the mind rejects information that does not compute, only admits that reference that fits with its current state of mind. The rest rejects it. The consumer is an emotional and not rational being. If that were not the case, advertising would not make sense. In order for us to achieve positioning, we must follow a series of strategies that must be understood and executed so that, in each of them, we obtain positive results that lead to the successful process of positioning in the mind of the market. We must first reach most of the sites. History shows that the first brand that enters the brain generally achieves double the long-term market share than number two and twice as many as number three. When the market leader is not the first in a new category, the new product

David Humes Moral Skepticism †Philosophy Essay

David Humes Moral Skepticism – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers David Hume’s Moral Skepticism Philosophy Essay David Hume’s moral skepticism concluded that an individual’s morals are matters of their feelings about the fact, resulted from ones own experience. This was Hume’s empiricist method. Hume’s argument shifted philosophy in general from the norm to a radical point of view. Hume believed that the materials of thinking, our perceptions, are derived either two categories our ideads and our impressions. After reviewing Hume’s argument one can conclude that facts have no impact on a individual’s actions and morality never consists in any single matter of fact that could be perceived by reason alone. Today astonishing achievements in biomedical science and technology have led to an amazing ability to harvest stem cells. The debate over this issue is that of abortion. The opposition of stem cell research argues that the embryo is being destroyed during this process. This issue is one of our society’s morals. It is a promising area of research that can ultimately lead to the cure of many diseases. But why is it immoral to explore a process that can heal individuals suffering from such conditions as diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinsons. Hume had argued that an individual’s â€Å"sentiments and affections,† not reason, is what leads us our actions. One can conclude that this stem cell research is moral because of their feelings about the subject. Not how they â€Å"ought† to feel about it, but how they really feel about it. The feelings associated with certain facts change from person to person. One may favor this research because they have personally been affected by it. Society says how we ought to feel about something and it is subjects that encounter this issue will reason it immoral because they have never had previous experience with it. So an individual who supports stem cell research had deemed it moral because his reason gave way to his â€Å"sentiment and affections.† Hume creates a point in that an individual ought to feel a certain way about something but they really feel different due to the impact of our feelings. It is our preception of the subject that creates a division amoung our people. I agree with Hume in that facts are neutral in determining an action. Somone can know all the facts about this issue but until they experience it personally they will continue to denouce stem cell research as immoral. Yet, when they experience first hand the outcomes and benefits of it their feelings will overpower their reason. In contrast to David Hume, Immanuel Kant’s philosophy of categorical imperative argued that the individuals are able to make decisions free from ourside forces. We have a free will which acts under the laws of itself. According to Kant, in each of us there is a noumenal reality, and a phenomental reality. The noumenal reality is that of which is unexplainable and unknown. It is everything the mind cannot explain, like an individual calculating how long they will live. It is just not possible, one can only The phenomental reality is that in which is known, or experienced. It is the natural world in which we live in. For instance, like how many days are in a week. The individual knows because they personally experience it weekly. Moral law of our own will means that we are able to make decisions by themselves and freely. To be subject to moral law of our own will is to question yourself whether or not the subject matter is ultimately good or bad. It is a point in which you decide that something is bad and you will not condem it. For instance, road rage results in many individuals raising the middle finger, but one may be subjected to their own moral law and decide it imoral to conduct such behavior. Moral law from an external source is those laws in which we are subject to by outside forces. It can be one’s society, religion, or family that pronouce what is right and wrong. For example, in the Jewish faith, tattoos are frowned apon. So if the individual wishes to remain a good jew, then they will condem tattoos. Kant emphasized the way in which the moral life was centered on duty. He believed that duties are created by rules or laws of some sort. For example the laws of a club lay down duties for its officers or city and state laws establish the duties of citizens. So when the subjects of these legislators do something because it is because of their duty to do so. The motivation we have for these duties comes from our own will to do so, if one wished not to conform to the laws, then one can choose not be be part of that city, state, or organization. Kant looks to the motives to see if the motive has true moral worth or not. He does not determine the moral worth on the consequences of an action. According to Kant, if a person is motivated purely by the good will, then does the motive have true moral worth? If the motive of doing inclinations, then the motive does not have true moral worth, even if such a motive brings about happiness for others. Kant isnt concerned about the consequences of whether your actions bring happiness or not. The problem with motives is that they are always changing. They are never absolute or constant feelings, emotions, or desires. The answer to the question on why there is so much violence and hate in the world is because peoples incentives or motives are based on desires and self-interest and NOT on the good will. So therefore inclinations cannot be relied on for making moral decisions. 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Inferno and Infernal

Inferno and Infernal Inferno and Infernal Inferno and Infernal By Maeve Maddox When I see the word inferno, I think fire, but originally, the word did not carry the connotation of intense heat. The association with burning derives from beliefs taught by some religions about the afterlife. The OED offers only one definition of inferno: Hell; a place of torment or misery compared to hell; a place likened in some respect to the Inferno of Dantes Divine Comedy. Merriam-Webster offers three definitions of inferno: 1. a place or a state of torment and suffering. 2. a place that resembles or suggests hell in being dark, noisy, chaotic, lawless. 3. intense heat. English speakers, British as well as American, use inferno to mean an intense conflagration: Tracking the inferno: where wildfires are hitting California, other states hardest- The Guardian. Scientists find planets that survived red giant inferno- The London Times. Thirty people feared dead and 40 more injured after shopping centre inferno causes mall to collapse in Russia  - The Daily Mail. Multiple fire departments reported to the scene of the inferno just after 7 p.m. Sunday, and spent nearly the next 12 hours battling the blaze.- Galloway Patch (New Jersey). Small Fire Becomes Inferno, Burning Homes in California- New York Times.   Like inferno, the adjective that derives from it, infernal, refers to the realm of the dead or a place of punishment after death: Paradise Lost  opens with the fallen angels in hell. Mammon proposes that they build an infernal kingdom of their own, imitating the majesty of heaven through the material riches of the kingdom of hell. Infernal is commonly used as a synonym for hellish, damnable, damned, diabolical, and fiendish. Here are some examples: City Tells Ice Cream Trucks To Keep That Infernal Racket  Down When will these so-called â€Å"voters† stop with their infernal meddling? Will you stop with your infernal fear-mongering? Gatlin and his ilk have brought not only themselves down with their infernal lies  but the whole athletics community. I turned my eye towards him and immediately caught his eye, which he kept staring upon me for more than a minute, with the most infernal expression I have ever seen upon a human face. An â€Å"infernal machine† is â€Å"a machine or apparatus maliciously designed to explode and destroy life or property, especially one in the form of something harmless. For example: To greet the Princes return to Sofia this month, the Chief of the Russian Secret Police sent him an  infernal machine disguised as a  box of the finest cigars.- Sherlock Holmes and The Case of The Bulgarian Codex, Tim Symonds, 2012. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureUse a Dash for Number RangesUsing "May" in a Question

Chapter Questions From Global health 101 richard skolnik book Essay - 4

Chapter Questions From Global health 101 richard skolnik book - Essay Example Lack of accurate data also caused the disease to be prevalent over a long time. The lack of political influence was also another cause (Skolnik 65). Intellectual property law affects health care negatively; intellectual property law hinders provision of affordable health care due to high pricing of medicine. The laws also discourage development of generic medication, which should be cheaper than the original (Skolnik 75). The most important issues that may arise when research is conducted in developing countries include the standards of care, after trial benefits for the individuals and community and the care given to the participants after the study not related to the study (Skolnik 80). Scare resources allocated to health care can be justified using one or more principles. One of the principles is health maximization, equality, prioritizing the most affected and personal responsibility. These principles can be combined or used individually to justify resource allocation (Skolnik

Endocrinology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endocrinology - Essay Example These are synthesized in the same cells. However, once secreted they interact with four adrenergic receptors such as 1, 2, 1, 2, and 3 that mediate the cellular effects of the hormones. Stress the predominant stimulus that leads to secretion of these hormones. More accurately stimuli such as injury, anger, pain, cold, strenuous exercise, and hypoglycemia as a result of stress response generate sympathetic impulses in the cholinergic preganglionic fibers that provides the neural impetus to the chromaffin cells, and this ultimately culminates into the release of catecholamines. Biochemically, however, catecholamines stimulate glucose production in the liver, lipolysis in the adipose tissue, and promotes anaerobic metabolism in the muscles leading to lactate production. Whereas, the adrenal medulla responds to predominantly neural stimuli, the outer adrenal cortex that literally encapsulates the medulla and forms the bulk of the gland, responds only to endocrine stimulation and releases a number of hormones which have steroid structures chemically. These hormones are glucocorticoids, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. The cells of the three zones secrete different steroid hormones: the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete the mineralocorticoids; those of the zona fasciculata secrete glucocorticoids, while the cells of the zona reticularis secrete sex steroids or androgens (Brook, C., and Marshall, N. 2001). Figure 1: Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids act to counteract many effects of stress throughout the body. Stress is difficult to define, but it is known that it includes physical trauma, intense heat or cold, infections, mental or emotional trauma. The effects of glucocorticoids at the tissue level in order to neutralize the effects of stress include cardiovascular, neurological, and anti-inflammatory effects as well as effects on the immune system. Cortisol level responds within minutes to stress, whether it is physical such as trauma, surgery, or exercise; psychological such as anxiety and depression, or physiological hypoglycaemia or fever. The protective effect that glucocorticoids confer at the time of stress would be evident in the observed fact that such stresses may cause hypotension, shock, and death when there is glucocorticoid deficiency. The overall actions of glucocorticoids are directed at enhancing the production of glucose that can be readily utilised in the body to produce energ y and at the same time they reduce all other metabolic activities not directly involved in that process. Physiologic effects of glucocorticoids include regulation of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism. These antagonize the secretion and action of insulin and raise blood sugar levels. At the same time, these also inhibit peripheral glucose uptake. This promotes hepatic glycogen content through hepatic glucose synthesis or gluconeogenesis (Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L., 2002). Taking the example of exercise as a stress initiating event, as the epinephrine and nor epinephrine are released as a sympathetic response, the concomitant glucocorticoid release makes sure that the increased metabolic rate of exercise can

Sources of Finance for SMEs in UK and US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sources of Finance for SMEs in UK and US - Essay Example Thus the sizes, related industry, year of operating and organizational forms are the most important factors that determine the finance sources for a SME (Rutherford, Oswald, n.p, 1999) and most of the SMEs get finance through their internal funds like the starting capital of the owner, loan arranged by the owner of SME and the retained earning. However along with these internal sources the SME get external debts from the financial institution also and this credit help the SMEs in financing their different business operations. The main sources of finance for the SMEs of UK are identified in the survey conducted by Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) in 2004. According to the figures provided by FSB, SMEs do use more then one source to finance their business. 50.8% of the SMEs in UK use the bank drafts to finance their business, 30. 6% used personal savings, 29.5% use bank loans, 28.5% use retained profits and 25.5% use credit cards debts to finance their business (Carter et al, p14, 2004). The report of FSB further disclosed that leasing and factoring are not commonly used by the SMEs for getting credits to finance the business. The new SMEs mostly depend on personal saving and credit cards whereas the older SMEs depend more on supplier's credit. On the other hand, the survey conducted by SmallBusinessFinances(SSBF)of America in 1998 discloses the main sources of credit for SMEs in United States. The report discloses that there are 80 percent of US SMEs that used to take some kind of credit from differen t sources. 34% of the SMEs in US get credit to finance their business from business credit cards, 46% use personal credit cards, and 28% use credit line whereas 21 percent use vehicle loans. Financial institutions are also important source of credit and there are 38% of the SMEs that use to get credit from commercial banks and 13.3% SMEs take loans from finance companies. The report shows that the smaller size firms have little access to the banks and financial institution as compared with developed and big SMEs (Watson, p35, 1993) The credit availability to SMEs for financing is surrounded by an important issue of lending technologies. There are five major lending technologies used by the financial institutions and banks to provide credit to SMEs for financing their business operation. In UK and US the SMEs get loans from different financial institutions through different lending technologies among them the relationship lending and transaction based lending are the most important types (Thorsten and Demirguc, p2931, 2006). The commercial banks in UK and US mostly find it more profitable to provide credits to the SMEs through relationship lending as they got shelter ageists price competition by using this lending technology. (Allen, Udell, p2931, 2006) however this trend is more common among the UK banks and the banks in US like to provide credit to SMEs through transaction based lending as they get high interest rates and there is poor risk rating for this type of credit lending. In UK when the SMEs failed to get credit from banks and other financial institu

Love.Write a blog in which you define double consciousness and how Essay

Love.Write a blog in which you define double consciousness and how race can affect your interaction with other groups - Essay Example Race has a significant influence on trust issues. Race will influence how certain people process information and will likely influence the way they chose to interact with other races. In addition, most young black people grow up being taught with a lot of emphasis about how their ancestors went through racial discrimination. To them this creates a sense of their own identity (Nunnally 55). This historical knowledge of racial discrimination tends to affect how blacks associate with the whites and other groups. Older black folks have more experience in terms of racial discrimination than younger blacks do. The concept of double consciousness still exists today even though it has taken a different look. The African Americans proclaim being victimized in public but stress on personal strength and initiative in private (McWhorter 13). Some black writers note that focusing on the achievement of African Americans seems to overlook the idea that being black is still a tragedy. The recent presidential election to some African Americans was more of a victory than an election in terms of racial

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR - Essay Example Out of various strategies, and techniques that are used to enhance greater productivity of human capital, motivation is a valuable psychological tool that promote people to be high performers. The first part of the assignment talks about the motivational theory in practice at Tesco, and explains concepts of change and leadership styles in relation to the motivational theory. Tesco is UK’s leading grocery and general merchandising retailer operating through more than 2000 stores in UK alone (Tescoplc.com, 2012). Motivation and Non-financial motives Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn (2005) defined motivation as â€Å"forces within an individual that account for the level, direction and persistence of efforts expended at work† (p. 120). An individual can be motivated by a number of different factors such as pay, reward, appreciation, promotion in the work, better working condition and so on. When an individual is motivated by any such method, he is mostly found to work harder and show sincere gratitude towards his job task and thus to be highly productive and be high performer. A company may use various types of non-financial motives such as 1) promotion, 2) safety at work, 3) reward and recognition, 4) better working condition, 5) health support, 6) education for children, 7) friendly atmosphere within the workplace, 8) organizational learning, 9) cooperation and 10) multicultural workplace. Effects of unmotivated workforce ... A company may use various types of non-financial motives such as 1) promotion, 2) safety at work, 3) reward and recognition, 4) better working condition, 5) health support, 6) education for children, 7) friendly atmosphere within the workplace, 8) organizational learning, 9) cooperation and 10) multicultural workplace. Effects of unmotivated workforce Unmotivated workforce will not work harder and therefore they will not be high performers or high productive in the workplace as compared to those who are motivated. Unmotivated workforce will not help the company create a brand loyalty among the customers as they are very likely to make mistakes and this will adversely impact the business. Unmotivated employees are found to show increased absenteeism and high turnover which in turn affecting the quality of business operation. Tesco benefiting from motivated workforce At Tesco, the management is highly concerned about customers as well as staff. The company supports its staff with its s pecially adjusted work and life balance through rewards and recognition. Flexible working, reduced health expenses, membership in gym, competitive salary, staff discount and company’s share options are some of Tesco’s attractive motivation incentives it offered to its people. From these incentives, Tesco has been benefiting to create trust and respect among its people. At Tesco, the motivated staffs are found to be in a partnership relation with managerial staff and thus they effectively accomplish their expected goals (The Times 100, 2012). Taylor’s motivation theory as not relevant to 21st century According to Taylor’s motivation theory, people are motivated by financial incentives as he argued that people worked purely for money. In early years, Taylor

Database Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database Implementation - Essay Example Database is said to be normalized if only it is in 3NF. The following rules are followed when normalizing a table in the 1NF for an organized database. The first step involves the eliminating of the columns which are in the same table; the second step is to create a separate table for every group of the related data then identifies every row with the unique columns that is the primary key. The tables in Community library database have not met the requirement of the 1NF, 2NF, and 3 NF since different columns in the tables has been repeated. The columns of the table repeatedly include the column of the data type, length and descriptions. This table can be created as a one table as shown below; This step addresses a concept of removing data which are repeated in a given table. It has rules which must be followed during normalization. The first step is making sure that the requirements in the first normal form are met. Secondly, remove the subsets of data which multiples the rows of the table then place the data in different tables. The third step is creating the relationships between the tables as well as, predecessors by use of the foreign keys (Coronel, 2011). Data should always be organized properly in the database. It is done by creating tables as well as, establishing the relationships between the tables in regard to the rules designed to protect the data and to make database to be flexible by removing the redundancy as well as, inconsistent dependency. Redundant data is known to be wasting the disk space as well as, creating the maintenance problems. If the data which exists in many places must be changed, the data must be changed in precisely to the same way in all

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR - Essay Example Out of various strategies, and techniques that are used to enhance greater productivity of human capital, motivation is a valuable psychological tool that promote people to be high performers. The first part of the assignment talks about the motivational theory in practice at Tesco, and explains concepts of change and leadership styles in relation to the motivational theory. Tesco is UK’s leading grocery and general merchandising retailer operating through more than 2000 stores in UK alone (Tescoplc.com, 2012). Motivation and Non-financial motives Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn (2005) defined motivation as â€Å"forces within an individual that account for the level, direction and persistence of efforts expended at work† (p. 120). An individual can be motivated by a number of different factors such as pay, reward, appreciation, promotion in the work, better working condition and so on. When an individual is motivated by any such method, he is mostly found to work harder and show sincere gratitude towards his job task and thus to be highly productive and be high performer. A company may use various types of non-financial motives such as 1) promotion, 2) safety at work, 3) reward and recognition, 4) better working condition, 5) health support, 6) education for children, 7) friendly atmosphere within the workplace, 8) organizational learning, 9) cooperation and 10) multicultural workplace. Effects of unmotivated workforce ... A company may use various types of non-financial motives such as 1) promotion, 2) safety at work, 3) reward and recognition, 4) better working condition, 5) health support, 6) education for children, 7) friendly atmosphere within the workplace, 8) organizational learning, 9) cooperation and 10) multicultural workplace. Effects of unmotivated workforce Unmotivated workforce will not work harder and therefore they will not be high performers or high productive in the workplace as compared to those who are motivated. Unmotivated workforce will not help the company create a brand loyalty among the customers as they are very likely to make mistakes and this will adversely impact the business. Unmotivated employees are found to show increased absenteeism and high turnover which in turn affecting the quality of business operation. Tesco benefiting from motivated workforce At Tesco, the management is highly concerned about customers as well as staff. The company supports its staff with its s pecially adjusted work and life balance through rewards and recognition. Flexible working, reduced health expenses, membership in gym, competitive salary, staff discount and company’s share options are some of Tesco’s attractive motivation incentives it offered to its people. From these incentives, Tesco has been benefiting to create trust and respect among its people. At Tesco, the motivated staffs are found to be in a partnership relation with managerial staff and thus they effectively accomplish their expected goals (The Times 100, 2012). Taylor’s motivation theory as not relevant to 21st century According to Taylor’s motivation theory, people are motivated by financial incentives as he argued that people worked purely for money. In early years, Taylor

Course work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Course work - Coursework Example Competition has been the main effect of the changing technological environment. The company has had to compete with a number of companies with Apple Inc. offering the greatest competition among the competing companies for the supply of wireless solutions. The increasing competition has been recognized in form of the introduction of new products. Companies have been able to do research and come up with new products that are able to meet the changing needs of consumers hence rendering RIM’s products irrelevant (Christensen and Raynor, 2003, p. 28). Companies have been able to produce differentiated products unlike RIM hence attracting a good number of customers. For instance, Blackberry phones are no longer differentiated resulting in IM to lose its clients to competing service providers. This is evident from the feedback recorded from the high end market for mobile phones. The major effect of the changing technology has been the introduction of differentiated products that have rendered those of RIM unattractive. One of the major characteristics of human wants is that they are always changing. Companies have invested a lot of capital in research and development in efforts aimed at understanding the needs of the market. Technology has played an important role in the efforts by companies to identify market needs (Schneiderman, 2002, p. 123). There are new technologies of doing research that have resulted in organizations collecting accurate information on market needs hence producing products that match the needs. RIM has been unable to embrace new technologies in the design and supply of its wireless solutions for the mobile market hence resulting in the loss of market share. Some of the new products that have been introduced as a result of changing technologies include iPhone and android. Research studies indicate that 74 percent of the companies using mobile email have shifted and adopted new

Jury Trial Analysis Essay Example for Free

Jury Trial Analysis Essay Jury trial refers to a legal proceeding, whereby a panel of adjudicators makes decisions that are put into practice by the judges. A jury decides upon dubious issues of fact that can either be in a criminal or civil trial. It is a constitutional right for those charged with criminal and civil offenses to face trial by jury. However, in civil trials the defender and the offender can have a consensus of having a bench trial before a judge. Therefore, it is evidenced that jury trial takes place only in those situations where one side in a civil case, or the accused in a criminal case, have a belief that it is in their best interest. It also has an effect on the ruling of cases that never go to trial. In jury trial, there are five main steps that are keenly followed. The first step involves the selection of a jury. In this step prospective jurors show up in a courtroom. The defensive and prosecution lawyers together with the attorneys, interview them through a process called voir dire which means to speak the truth. This procedure is aimed at authenticating whether any of the jurors has a secretive interest in the case, a chauvinism or bias that may negatively influence him or her as a juror. For instance, the defensive lawyer can request to have the juror excused if he or she is afraid of guns. There are two main challenges faced at this stage, challenge for cause and authoritative challenge. Each of the side has the ability to discard a juror capriciously (Denver Criminal Attorney, 2009). Jury selection is completed and an oath is administered for those chosen in a particular case. However, they are lawyers who are specialized in jury selection and they will do excellent in this part of trial. Secondly, both sides in the case participate in an opening statement. First, the prosecutor gives a brief summary of what the trial is about, the offense that the defendant is being accused of and how they will prove his guilt. Thereafter, defensive attorney gives his opening statement in order to summarize how he will demonstrate his client is above suspicion. However, opening statements are not evidence but are only anticipation of what each side waits for the evidence to prove. The third step involves presentation of evidence and testimony of witnesses. The prosecutor takes the first step of professing witnesses and presenting various physical facts such as weapons and documents to evidence the defendant’s guilt. There is cross-examination of his witnesses by the defensive lawyers. After the prosecution is done with his presentation, the defense gets the floor and also presents its own witnesses and evidence. The prosecution gets an opportunity to cross-examine defense witnesses too. Finally, both sides ‘’respite ‘’their case. The fourth step entails closing arguments and presentation of jury instructions. The defense firstly, confirms how the prosecution did not prove its case. The prosecution goes last winding up its case. It is substantiated that the prosecution has the’’ burden of proof’’ and therefore it goes first and also last. The judge interprets the instructions of law to the jurors, defines their responsibilities, what evidence to consider and the law that governs the case. The final step in a jury trial is deliberation. The jury goes to the deliberation room to judge the case and arrive at a verdict. A foreperson is identified to ensure that every juror is given a fair opportunity to participate. In case of any need for clarification, it is written down and the bailiff presents it to the judge (Morrocco). Finally, when a judgment has been attained, jurors agree to it and sign a form then they alert the bailiff. It is then read by the clerk and the judge discharge the jurors. In a jury trial, the constitution allows for fair and impartial treatment of the accused. There are several constitutional rights of a defendant during a jury trial. For instance, the defendant has a right to remain silent, confront witnesses, represented by an attorney and also has a right to adequate and sufficient representation. This is mainly practiced in criminal prosecutions. Jury trial is in deed one of the better systems of judgment of single or a panel of judges who have a lot of bias. Every party in a jury trial is mandated to enjoy the right to a detached jury of the center where the crime shall have been committed. The legal system must use the proper and accurate means of obtaining information and evidence against a suspect (Jury Service). So as to ensure selection of unbiased jury, each of the prospective jurors is ordered an oath to speak the truth. Usually, twelve jurors are selected having two of them being chosen as alternates. Stringent instructions are given as a way to ensure fairness and impartiality as a jury. To maintain the highest standards of fairness in a jury trial, an independent jury must be appointed each year to appraise the application and also select participating juror.

Media Impact on War

Media Impact on War Vivienne Owusu-Ansah MEDIA TRANSFORMATION Can media help win – or lose – a war? Answer through detailed discussion of coverage in one war since 1945 – The Gulf War II. In 2003, America and its allies, U.K., Australia and Poland, well known as the coalition forces invaded Iraq and began a conflict which has come to be known as the Gulf war II or Iraq war and were later joined by several other countries. During the Iraq war, the Allied forces permitted the media to travel with them in their tanks and jets to war fields to cover the war so as to get first hand news to the public. Though the media has been involved in covering previous conflicts, the Iraq war was said to be the war which allowed the media to have extensive coverage and brought first hand news to the public. This allowed the Allied forces to control and manage the information that went out in public Frankly, our job is to win the war. Part of that is information warfare. So we are going to attempt to dominate the information environment. Embedding journalists honorably served that end, said Long[1]† (Kahn, 2004). Some journalists argue that the army used the journalists as a propaganda tool. This can be deemed as true because journalists’ reports were always favourable to the coalition forces. Reporting alongside the soldiers in war made the journalists feel a sense of closeness to troops. Moreover, the soldiers were the very people who were protecting the journalists’ whiles at the war front thus it became difficult if not impossible to report any negative issues about them. Another point to consider is that, because the media was reporting from the war front alongside the troops, they were able to send real time reports indirectly to Saddam Hussein’s government about the heavy artillery being used by the Allied forces. This psychologically weakened Iraq as they realised they could not match the ammunition strength of the coalition forces. Pictures of the military tanks rolling into Iraq were also another factor that helped propagate the Allied forces’ aim. This showed the might of the forces which intimidated the Iraqi forces as well as the Iraqi public. A comment purported to have been made by Chris Hughes, the spokesperson of the U.S. Marines a day before the war highlights this, â€Å"The à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst image of this war will deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ne the conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ict† (Buncombe 2003 cited in Parry 2010). If the public had initially supported the Iraqi government the pictures of the Allied forces were enough to sway public suppo rt to the powerful side in this case the Allied forces. According to Professor Barbie Zelizer of University of Southern California’s Annenberg school of communication, a picture showing a crowd of Iraqis pulling down Saddam Hussein’s statue was quite influential, this is because it told a story to the public that the government of Saddam Hussein was no longer in power and that the public supported the Allied forces and this was an effective means to winning or losing the war. It showed the crowd as being nationalists thereby triggering the general public to act as nationalists too. During the Iraq war, the army is believed to have had around 600 journalists from various news organisations entrenched with the troops thus there was an overflow of news and all were in favour of the Allied forces. This therefore created a high level of fear amongst the enemies having to always read and listen to the might of the forces on TV, radio and in newspapers. Some journalists argue that the Allied forces had won the war even before any ammunitions were fired and this is because the public had already been scared into fleeing due to the fact that they were made to believe they could be killed by nuclear or chemical weapons, which in effect made it less difficult for the Allied forces to win the war. In the case of the Iraq war, the Allied forces controlled their agenda, creating awareness and used the media to portray a one sided view. Most of the pictures that were circulated were of those showing the might of the forces and in some cases a few Iraqi nationals showing their support to the Allied forces and kept any image of casualties suffered by the Allied forces out of the public eye especially in their respective countries because they wanted the public to continue supporting the war till the end. This adds momentum to the political idea of using photography during war to manipulate the public. Journalism is arguably a powerful tool often used in affecting and changing public opinion on issues. Media institutions usually broadcast what attracts their target audience. Prior to invading Iraq, George Bush – the American President, in a national broadcast which was telecast in Iraq, heard him appealing to the ordinary citizens of Iraq to support America and the coalition forces for their own good and also portrayed the Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, as an enemy and the cause of all the problems of the Iraqis. He further suggested that the solution to their problem is war to overthrow what the western governments termed as undemocratic regime of Saddam Hussein and urged them to fight for their freedom. His speech was rhetoric and played very well on the public’s emotion as they did not support the Iraq government to fight when they were called to join. Bush used his message to amass public opinion in acknowledging America and its Allied’s military presence in Iraq. According to Samir Khader of Al Jazeera (the most prominent media institution during the invasion), the aim of their station during the war was to educate the world most especially the Arab viewers and to prove to them that in every war there are always civilian casualties. This did not seem to work well initially as their network was not far reached, they were also deemed not to be reliable and as such was a mere propaganda tool used by the Iraqi government and enemy groups who attacked America on September 11. The public in America, United Kingdom and other parts of the world had been persuaded into believing these perceptions by the media though there was no proof. The Arab media did not do much to help its credibility by not reporting human rights abuses against sectarian and ethnic minorities and opposition Iraqi citizens which were perpetuated on a large scale by Saddam Hussein’s government. Although Al Jazeera’s message about war casualties is true, it is worth m entioning that, this is not something new as that is some of the realities of war. There has never been any war fought without any civilian or military casualty and Jack Straw, Britain’s Foreign Secretary during the period of the Iraq war rightly described war in an article in Mail Online as an occurrence that is filled with horror. As pictures and news of war casualties (both civilians and American soldiers) got to the American public their views began to change. The public became angry and began demonstrating against the mission of the government in going to war in Iraq and demanded that troops are withdrawn. This message reflected during some of American president’s foreign visits. In the U.K., President Bush was met by anti war demonstrations in London because of the Iraq war and other cities where he visited also met him with similar demonstrations. During the Iraq war some western media used spin to get specific messages to the international world. An example is a picture showing a crowd chanting and singing which the western media portrayed as Iraqis celebrating Bush but they were rather protesting America’s involvement in the war with chants in Arabic that the troops should be withdrawn from Iraq. A journalist who was reporting for BBC interpreted the story to portray the crowd as singing praises to Bush for getting rid of Saddam Hussein and celebrating their freedom. This helped sway public opinion about the war in the western world. Before the coalition forces marched into any city in Iraq, they used the media to report extensively on how the cities had already been conquered and this plan built fear in the opposing army who showed little resistance, all these stories were however later found to be false but that was after it had served its intended purpose. Most of the coverage by the western media such as CNN and NSBC was deemed as biased to favour the allied forces. This is partly because only a few of the journalists embedded with the troops did get to experience action at the front line. Most of them were stationed at the command centre where information was always received from the military and this played an important role in helping them win the support of the public. The Arab media on the other hand did same, they also used propaganda in getting the Arab world to see the Allied forces as the worst enemy who had no right to be in Iraq with no intention of protecting civilians and alleging the coalition forces rather had their personal interest of getting control of the oil in Iraq. They propagated Arab nationalism to the public. The Allied forces knew the important role played by independent media during war. The public usually believe stories reported by independent journalists at war front as being unbiased. This is not wholly true as they always report from an angle that suits their organisation. The coalition forces used the media to their advantage rather than having the military releasing information to the press which would be seen as biased towards the aim of their mission in Iraq by the general public and not being credible as well. Local media in America had journalists attached to the troops, and most of these media are situated near military bases. The local people who are the main readers in these areas, connected with the media in the neighbourhood during the war through the news items they published, some were messages from the soldiers to their families. The public regarded the news from these newspapers as credible thereby getting them to support the mission of the Allied forces. Studies have shown how media coverage affected public opinion during the war and led to the public supporting the military mainly due to the reason that the public were not made aware of any other options other than going to war to liberate the people of Iraq and the enemy of the coalition forces (the government of Saddam Hussein) coming from the back drop of the September 11, 2001 attacks in America which had attracted massive media coverage thereby the public especially the American public viewed military action in Iraq as the only way. This point is echoed by Berinsky, 2008, â€Å"However, as threats recede, citizens begin to resist encroachments on their basic values. Thus, while the particular circumstances of war may be unique, they influence civil liberties judgements through mechanisms that are familiar from studies of domestic politics† (pg.13). Britain and the other countries that formed the coalition also viewed Iraq as a danger to global peace. Iraq had been portra yed by the coalition forces as a country that had allegedly supported and accommodated the group that attacked America. Another factor worth highlighting is that war casualties were not permitted to be made public by the media and this was strictly enforced by the military at the command centre, any journalist that violated this rule was expelled from the base. In the weeks prior to the invasion of Iraq, the American government saturated the media, especially prime time news programs of major media stations and newspapers in America such as; CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, CBS and New York Times alleging that Iraq was planning to commit atrocities even greater than the September 11 attacks. The American public believed and therefore backed the government’s decision to go to war in Iraq. This situation was no different in U.K. where BBC, Sky and ITN were also used by the then government of Tony Blair to get the public to support the mission. The media which has a duty to present the public with the truth also failed to question these facts presented by the American and British governments but rather circulated the government’s information to the public as being the truth. The media effectively helped the coalition forces by influencing public support and also urged the military to go on to win the war in Iraq. Although certain reports disagree with the fact that the coalition forces had won the war because there were and are still sporadic incidents of fighting taking place in Iraq and also that the coalition forces are yet to completely pull out of the region, it is important to stress that although the war was fought in Iraq, the real war was the one perpetuated by the media through the stories they published which psychologically influenced the public at large and this can be seen as pure propaganda. Without that the coalition forces would not have managed to storm Iraq and win the war within a very short period. According to Jack Straw (Hinsliff 2003 cited in Parry 2010), â€Å"Twenty-four-hour news actually changes the reality of warfare. The media is changing the reality of warfare, it is not just reporting on it†. Given the amount of cov erage the western media managed to achieve in the world at large during the Iraq war, if the media in the Arab world had been able to achieve that on the same scale in the Middle East and other parts of the world, the public may not have supported the war the way they did. This would have led to the morale of the troops being at its lowest and their confidence would also have been down and more importantly America would not have got the support they had from the Allied. [1] Lt. Col. Rick Long was with the U.S. Marine Corps

Lord of the Flies Essay example -- Lord of the Flies Essays

INTELLIGENCE, CIVILIZATION, AND INSTINCTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often times, authors use characters in their novels and stories as symbols. The characters may be symbolic of the tangible as well as the non-tangible. In addition, characters can often be looked at with a psychological approach to literature in order to better determine or understand their symbolic significance. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, special symbolic significance may be found in the characters, Piggy, Ralph, and Jack.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piggy, the heavy, asthmatic, nearsighted boy, was often teased and ridiculed, however Golding made it obvious to the reader that Piggy was indeed the super ego. Piggy symbolizes all the hate and discrimination in the world. If it was not for Piggy’s bizarre appearance, he may have been made ruler of the island, and he certainly was the most suited for the job. He also symbolizes intelligence. He was analogous to sanity and reason. â€Å"Piggy’s role as a man’s reasoning faculties him as a father† (Rosenfield 264). Piggy always used ideal judgment and was the island’s only adult-like figure. He demonstrated this at a tribal meeting after the boys nearly burned down the island: â€Å"I got the conch! Just you listen! The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down there by the beach. It wasn’t half cold there in the night but the first time Ralph says ‘fire’ you goes howling and screaming up this here mountain. Like a pack of kids!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By now they were listening to the tirade. â€Å"How can you expect to be rescued if you don’t put first things first and act proper?† He took off his glasses and made as if to put down the conch; but the sudden motion towards it of most of the older boys changed his mind. He tucked the shell under his arm, and crouched back on a rock. â€Å"Then when you get here you build a bonfire that isn’t no use. Now you been and set the whole island on fire. Won’t we look funny if the whole island burns up? Cooked fruit, that’s what we’ll have to eat, and roast pork. And that’s nothing to laugh at! You said Ralph was chief and you don’t give him time to think. Then when he says something you rush off, like, like—â€Å"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He paused for breath, and the fire growled at them. â€Å"And that’s not all. Them kids. The ... ...he id is also associated with basic human instincts. This further identifies the symbolic significance linked with Jack. After reading Lord of the Flies, it is obvious to one that Jack symbolizes natural human instincts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading this essay and Golding’s novel, one now has a better understanding of the symbolic significance or the characters: Piggy, Ralph, and Jack. Piggy, symbolic of intelligence and prejudice, can be most closely compared to a modern-day â€Å"geek.† The geek may not seem to be of importance because of their awkwardness, but may be extremely intelligent. Ralph is the chief, leader, and symbol of civilization. He is the President of United States. He leads the society and governs the people. Finally, Jack, the barbaric hunter who symbolized human instincts is like the ancient cave man that hunted the wholly mammoth. Both survived solely on instinctive motives. When one understands the symbolic significance in a novel, they are able to better interpret the novel and understand it to a much fuller and broader extent. WORKS CITED Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Perigee Books, 1954. Rosenfield. â€Å"Men of a Smaller Growth.†

Pros and Cons of green technology Essay

Green technology is a term that is being was from the time when Mother Nature started to reflect the consequences of the human’s actions. Since the global population start to grow rapidly, the demand of services and products have grow as well, so the human have to had to think more about how to do a better use of the nonrenewable resources. This problem has carried the continuous development of methods and materials that do not affect the environment. Nowadays expertise, companies and government are working hard on the generation of mechanisms and techniques to avoid and diminish environmental contamination. However, green technology has some disadvantages that do not allow people to afford it, and support more this environmental cause. The origin of the use of green technology start when according to Walsh, Mayor Michael Bloomberg tried to force those drivers to go hybrid before New York City ever had its yellow fleet of gas-guzzling taxis. There was a thriving electric-taxi company at the turn of the 20th century that served the entire metropolis, and green technology was considered something of the future. By that time there to clean up an economy that has been inexorably built on fossil fuels on coal, oil and gasoline-powered automobiles. However, today big businesses do care about the future of the world if any measurable actions are not taken care, and executed. The first advantage of using green technology is that with the use of renewable resources future generations are not going to be threatening for the lack of natural and clean resources, like clean air and clean water. Implementing sustainable materials and methods that meet society needs in manners that do not deplete natural resources, guarantee the life of the planet. This new kind of technology brings the creation of sustainable materials that reduce the impact on the environment. These materials improve indoor air quality, energy efficiency, water conservation, and affordability. Talk about sustainable materials includes green buildings. The requirements that build green building includes energy efficiency, renewable energy water, water efficiency, environmentally building materials and specifications, waste reductions, toxics reduction,  indoor air quality and smart growth and sustainable development. Stated in (Energy in Green Building) buildings in United States involve 35 percent of direct energy use, of that 35 percent, 64 percent goes into heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; 24 percent heats hot water; 13 percent provides lighting; and electrical appliances are beginning to cut a significant wedge into the pie. In terms of carbon dioxide production, in total, buildings are responsible for 48% of all greenhouse gasses. Strategically placing windows and skylights can eliminate the need for electrical lighting during the day and reduce from 20 to 30 percent the energy use. The creation of sustainable materials is one of those challenges of the companies nowadays. In fact all the products of manufacturing companies need to have a conformity certification, and that guaranty to the costumer a product with quality. This is an job of Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is one of the labs that awards manufactured products to be within the standards parameters, now is bestowing a sustainable materials certificate. Supplies such as pencils of reforested certified wood by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) assure people that this pencil was from a renewable resource, also the crayons made petroleum free. Environmentalists suggest using paper rolls and paper pad recycled. Also using paper bags from recycle paper helps the environment. Besides there are different supplies made from organic cotton that are free of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Eco friendly paints are a good option not only for the environment but also for the people that live in this house or apartment. Paint free of VOC will reduce the pollution in the house due to the poisonous gases that the paint gives off even when is dry, and cause an immense destruction to the environment. Another good decision is a cork floor is an inexpensive and durable material. Green technology has carried a lot of innovation of technology that does not affect the environment, and also has cause changes in patterns of production and consumption. Going green is also an advantage in a difficult economy when the recycle is place in practice, for example, According to NRDC, Bank of America reduced the weight of its ATM receipts from 20 pounds to 15 pounds, saving paper, transportation, storing and handling costs, to the tune of $500,000 a year. Coca-Cola’s efforts to cut down on packaging saved it $100 million. The use of renewable energy is economically and environmentally viable. In the United States, wind farms are going up across the nation, providing electricity at the competitive wholesale rate of three to five cents per kilowatt-hour (Energy in Green Building). Shell Oil estimated that for the â€Å"by 2010 commercial energy from biomass could provide five percent of the world’s power.† The value of that energy production could be over $20 billion. The environment pollution in the use of fossil fuels is causing sicknesses and diseases in the human health. â€Å"Air pollution is causing more deaths than HIV or malaria combined,† Kandeh Yumkella, director general of the U.N. Industrial Development Organization said. A 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) study found that 3.5 million people die early annually from indoor air pollution and 3.3 million from outdoor air pollution. Toxic particles shorten lives by causing diseases such as pneumonia or cancer. â€Å"Still, it means more than 6 million deaths every year caused by air pollution,† said Neira. â€Å"The horrible thing is that this will be growing† because of rising use of fossil fuels. On the contrary part green technology has some disadvantages. The first reason why no many people or industries choose green technology is for the highest production cost that this represents. Eco-friendly products need new research and technology that might be invested in the searched of new materials and ways of production that do not affect to the nature. The higher cost is due to the small amount of eco-friendly products on the market, so for the manufacturers complicated the cost-cutting. For example Consumer Search estimates that you will pay about $1,000 more for a furnace that’s 90 percent efficient than one that’s 80 percent efficient. Over the life of the furnace however, you will likely save much more than $1,000 in fuel costs if you choose the more efficient unit. According to MSN, a fuel-efficient vehicle costs up to $4,000 more upfront than vehicles with standard fuel efficiency. Even though more efficient vehicles can lower fuel costs for years and help protect the environment, many buyers are just not willing to invest in efficient (Cost of Going Green). Stated by Jon Kaplan, owner of Greenworks Cabinetry, a Florida company that manufactures eco-friendly furniture products, he must get many of his building materials from the West Coast and even Asia, which  leads to higher prices for the consumer. Since the 2008 a company named Nstar initiated a program that supplied energy coming from wind farms in Maine and upstate New York. At the beginning of the program customers decided to paid 1.4 cents more per kilowatt per hour, increase the price of the kilowatt from 12.5 to 13.9. At the beginning the number of customers was 8,368 customers in January 2010, but this number that decreased to 6,163 people using the NStar Green service. Some green alternatives like environment-friendly toiletries, wood furniture and organic materials cost more than non-green products. The use of bio-fuel can provide a number of advantages over conventional forms of energy. Meanwhile using fossil fuel increase the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and in the United States (GHG) represent about a third of total U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide, the use of bio-fuels can reduce significantly the greenhouse effect. On a full fuel-cycle basis, corn ethanol has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 52% over petroleum-based fuels using bio-fuels such as coal, natural gas, and biomass will reduce however this can represent a problem due to the raise of the prices of certain kind of food. Using food crops to produce ethanol will raise the nutritional problems (â€Å"Environmental Benefits of Bio-fuels†). According to the World Health Organization, nearly 60 percent of the people on earth are currently malnourished. This means that the use of corn for ethanol production will increase the price of the beef, eggs, white meat and fish. Pimentel States that the hungry problem rise in the mid –century from 8 to 9 million because the lack of food because it was burned more grain as fuel. Another fact that can be attributing to the use of bio-fuel is the inconsistence of some of the available renewable options of fuels is inconsistent. For example if it is wanted to produce energy from the wind, the space require to install wind turbines need to be large, this will reduce the space dedicated for harvest and food production, and cattle. Moreover there are certain places where the wind is not as good for energy production, as if the turbines are installed near the ocean, this will restrict the tourism growth, and at least 16 feet waves are required for the turbines’ efficiency. Wind energy is also noisy and that’s the reason why they are constructed in areas far away of human life. This is a threat to the wild life. The use of solar energy is very expensive and only works during the day. Photovoltaic batteries can be used,  but the price of them are increasing, and also the location of the solar panels is very important, so they must be installed in areas where the shadows of other buildings do not affect its efficacy. The third con of going green is in put up in green buildings. Likewise green buildings have a high cost in its construction, it is contradictory that the main purpose of it it is the money saving. Thus this is because most of the materials are not available in America, so the importations increase the price of them immediately. Nevertheless not only this, green buildings do not affect directly to the environment but for the people inside the building it does. This is because basically all the recycle materials used have harmful chemical products that emit toxins and affect the indoor air. For example the fluorescent lights used emit radiations which affect the health. Work Cited Beach, Emely â€Å"Cons of going green† Apr 29, 2011, Web. Apr. 17, 2013. Doyle, Alyster. â€Å"Air pollution scourge underestimated, green energy can help: U.N.† Web Apr 17, 2013 < http://www.reuters.com> Walsh, Bryan. â€Å"The Surprisingly Long History of Green Energy† Apr. 06, 2011 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-green-buildings.html The Disadvantages of Going Green for a Corporation by Chris Joseph, Demand Media http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-going-green-corporation-3318.html The high cost of going green Premium for NStar wind program rises sharply BY: Bruce Mohl November 29, 2012 Greening Business Earthshare.org. http://www.earthshare.org/greening-business.html

Motivation in complex and multilevel learning environments

The development of human behaviour and acquisition is expected to be self-dependent and alone to the person. However, it is become impossible to disassociate this single acquisition procedure from the effects of the societal context, in which this acquisition takes topographic point or decimate the consequence of the instructor as the chief facilitator of this cognition building procedure. That the scholar will be successful in his modulating his enterprise is assumed and dependent on these immediate factors being able to stay changeless and supportive. Deci & A ; Ryan, while suggesting the theory of internalisation, argue that the more internally valued and regulated a behaviour is, the more it is expected as independent ( as cited, in Stefanou, Perencevich, DiCintio & A ; Turner, 2004 ) . The three human demands of competency, relatedness and liberty are identified as the critical facets of motive and hence optimum acquisition. This is echoed by Connell & A ; Wellborn and Skinner & A ; Belmont in showing their motive theoretical account as the degree of battle and a by-product of the above homo needs ( as cited in Veermans, 2010 ) . This battle is highly of import and its absence may be equated to miss of the largest individual ingredient to acquisition. This essay will give a reappraisal of some of the facets of regulation and prolonging acquisition and motive in larning environments. Learning procedure is a critical portion of human development and it is an activity to commence at quite an early age. The cognition acquired is indispensable and indispensable for pilotage through the societal environment. This cognition besides acts a footing for farther hereafter larning. Research has shown that, the kid ‘s head is non ‘tabula rasa ‘ and it is able to develop and heighten cognitive procedures that encompass linguistic communication, figure, facial acknowledgment and the immediate environment in which the kid finds itself ( Veermans, 2010 ) . The human memory plants in apparently simple, yet complex manner. The short term and long term memory exhibit how the human being understands stimuli and is able to enter them for future mention. The both finite and infinite functions of memory have a critical map and consequence at all phases of human development and acquisition. ( Veermans, 2010 ) Learning is a procedure that spans several degrees: what the instructor knows, the direction methods, the scholar reading and the scholars ‘ cognition scheme ( Veermans, 2010 ) . The effectual transportation of cognition from one degree to another is dependent on the systematic organisation of the content, the context and the care of good degree of involvement particularly on the portion of the scholars. The degree of larning results is dependent on the assorted degrees competencies of the portion of scholars. In consequence, similar stimulations can ensue in a multiplicity of reading and significance. The facet of liberty, as manifested in organisational, procedural and cognitive has serious deductions to the manner scholars of all degrees have partake in the acquisition procedure. This is chiefly because, larning is an independent procedure and scholars have to be self-determined, and possess the psychological demands of liberty, competency and relationship fulfilled in societal contexts ( Stefanou et al, 2004 ) The environment in which our scholars find themselves in at nowadays is characterized by a figure of challenges, many of which these scholars have no direct control over. Presence of motive, or its deficiency thereof, is an issue that scholars at all degrees have to cope with. Second, the larning context and environment is an of import factor in the success or failure in the success of the accomplishment of the acquisition aims. The environment can either support scholars in their pursuit of geting cognition, or it has a possibility of decimating their thrust to larn. Third, the instructors, the learning methodological analysis and pick of content are another set of factors that would necessitate to be addressed in order to advance a successful deep acquisition on the portion of the scholars.MotivationThe challenge for the current acquisition environments and the instructors is how to be receptive of their scholars ‘ varied motive degrees. Learners come into the schoolroom cont exts with different degrees of involvements and personal features. It is upon the instructors to hold a good apprehension of the single scholar and assist him/her to set to the schoolroom context and come to footings with the larning group. Since the acquisition group is non homogeneous in footings of their motive degrees, there is a possibility that some scholars will hold small or no involvement. On the other side of the continuum, there will be the group of scholars who will be excessively eager to larn. As a instructor, how do I promote more involvement to larn in these low motivated scholars? The presentation of the teaching-learning aims should be so merely clarified to them, so that the scholars find a relationship to the content at manus. In other words, there should be seen a relationship between the current learning stuff and the scholars ‘ stock of cognition ( entry behaviour ) and the future terminal calling ends. The current acquisition will be seen as a nexus and stepping-stone to the greater highs. Once the scholars set up a connexion, it becomes easier to use their problem-solving accomplishments to undertake the learning stuff. Equally, for those scholars who have adequate motive, the instructor has to assist make an environment that helps to modulate and prolong this motive till the terminal of the acquisition procedure. This is because, even great, extraordinary motive can be vulnerable to disappointment and disillusionment one time scholars fail to see the connexion between their yesteryear, nowadays and the hereafter larning enterprises.The Learning environmentThe acquisition environment is the basic substructure in which the whole acquisition procedure plays itself out. Therefore, this environment should be tailored to suit, support and sustain worthwhile relevant acquisition Sessionss. How can be tailored? Who is responsible for this structuring? It is fact larning starts off at an early age. In add-on, larning takes in many societal contexts, be it at school, place and other societal spheres. Lepola, Salonen, Varaus & A ; Poskiparta ( 2004 ) point out that grownups, parents and instructors have a alone duty of supplying an emotionally and intellectually stimulating context for kids, in fiting the scaffolding to learner ‘s competences and maximising the kids ‘s development. Apart from the place and society as a whole, the schoolroom remains the primary context in which larning through motive takes topographic point, with the purpose of geting and warranting thoughts, building significance and intentionally making independent critical thought ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . It will be of import that this learning environment provides the right tools ( stuffs, undertakings, schemes ) and the conducive ambiance for the scholar to experience free to experiment and seek out assorted picks and possibilities. In add-on, the larning context should besides supply a distinct connexion between pupil motive, instructional patterns and larning results ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . The proviso of such an environment is exciting to a well-motivated acquisition head and freedom to seek out fresh and originative options greatly helps in the acquisition procedure. Well-tailored, the environment is able to prolong higher acquisition and resolution of complex undertaking becomes such an tickle pinking experience to these motivated and good provided scholars thereof. Here, a inquiry arises. How does the scholars adapt, from differentiated socio-economic backgrounds, to an intellectually balanced schoolroom context?The Teaching Style and Communication StructuresThe instruction manner and the communicating constructions are critical to making this balance and advancing a fulfilling, worthwhile, womb-to-tomb acquisition. As cardinal participants in a acquisition procedure, there should be a strong communicating channel between the instructors and the scholars. Teachers should take the taking function in orchestrating this duologue, by understanding the scholars ‘ demands, respond to scholars ‘ inquiries and supply their ain position and feedback to the scholars. Perry & A ; VandeKamp ( 2000 ) stress the importance of feedback. This basically gives scholars an chance and willingness to rectify their errors and be able to place effectual acquisition schemes for covering with larning troubles and bring forthing meaningful results. On the other manus, a free and democratic leading manner has a strong consequence in rising scholars ‘ motive, engagement and completion of the acquisition undertakings ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . Learners should be made to experience that they are in control of their acquisition experiences, and they are free to show their feelings, thoughts and inquiries. This freedom of pick will widen to the solutions that the scholars will research. Once these scholars feel they are recognized, and are free to take part, contribute and explore, this creates a good relationship to the nucleus of the acquisition procedure and are more motivated to larn. Therefore, the instructors will hold to use a myriad of instructional schemes in order to prolong the scholars ‘ response and heighten the scholars ‘ continual engagement in the acquisition procedure. From the above, we can reason that the schoolrooms contexts can either facilitate or thwart the scholars ‘ drift in the cognition acquisition procedure. Authoritarian leading, coupled with menaces, rigorous deadlines and other signifiers of rating and surveillance restrict and impede the scholars ‘ engagement and cognitive development. ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . Teachers has multifaceted function of learning, rating and implementing the direction of the schoolroom. In many cases, instructors have the function of implementing assorted signifiers of liberties. Stefanou et Al. ( 2004 ) place the three signifiers of liberty that these teachers are expected to set into topographic point. These are organisational, procedural and cognitive. From the research, Stefanou et Al. ( 2004 ) individual out cognitive liberty as the most of import signifier of liberty that should be emphasized in order to maximise the larning potency of the scholars. In consequence, the learning methods should reflect a batch of cognitive liberty, whereby instructors are deputing more infinite and chance for scholars to research their possible to undertake, and work out acquisition challenges with small direct aid from the instructors. It is through this manner that focal point on the ends of the undertaking will be maintained, by the scholars ‘ themselves. Stefanou et Al. ( 2004 ) give a word of cautiousness that the overemphasis on organisational or procedural liberty may take to cognitive overload and consequence in less critical thought. The overloading is seen in the inclusion of excessively many not-so-necessary processs and regulations, and there is a danger of these regulations assisting to deflect the end of larning. Since the primary function of acquisition is cognitive development, so the instructors should avail the scholar with more chances for critical thought through the justification of their acquisition picks and autonomous, independent formation of relevant significance. There is demand for larning environments that provide a distinct connexion between pupil motive, instructional patterns and larning results.Inequalities in EducationMany times, the inequalities in educational contexts are an outgrowth of the societal, cultural and economic inequalities that are apparent within the larger society. Therefore, societal cognitive constructions are constructed in interaction and human behaviour is greatly influenced by the context in which the person is situated ( Mehan, 1998 ) . Cases of teaching-learning patterns cabaling with society to propagate the differences, as seen in some trials, experiments and larning schemes, proceed to curtail, and repress the guiltless larning single into the same stereotyping and want of liberty to take cognitive chances. There is great demand of doing schoolroom contexts socio-culturally impersonal and compatible to all single scholars who pass through them. It is up to the learning organic structure to accommodate their learning methodological analysis in accomplishing a larning context that serves the involvements of all its scholars and that minimizes the effects of the entry behaviour differences of its scholars. The general and specific larning ends can be good achieved when there is a better apprehension of the relationship between societal construction, civilization and interaction and assisting to minimise the struggles that might originate thereof ( Mehan, 1998 ) . Going from the individualised acquisition and encompassing collaborative nature of acquisition, among the scholars and instructors, is one of the ways cognitive development can maximise. In this emerging scenario, critical thought, rational debate and the consensual procedure between experts ( instructors ) and novitiates ( scholars ) should be promoted ( Mehan, 1998 ) . In resonance with this position is ‘scaffolding ‘ , which stands out an indispensable manner of regulation and back uping acquisition and motive. The zone of proximal development involves the expert-teacher utilizing his/her regulatory accomplishments in identifying and finding the novice-learners ‘ demands and efficaciously seting the support to fit the scholars ‘ competences ( Lepola, Salonen, Varaus & A ; Poskiparta, 2004 ) .